L.A. Rebellion

L.A. Rebellion

movement in cinema

Akụkụ nke	cinema of the United States
ụdị ọrụ ya	cinematography
named by	Clyde Taylor
mba/obodo	Njikota Obodo Amerika
oge obidoro	1967
oge ngwụcha	1989
ihe omume dị ịrịba ama	Watts riots, civil rights movement, Vietnam War

Otu ihe nkiri LA Rebellion, nke a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka " Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers ", ma ọ bụ UCLA Rebellion, na-ezo aka n'ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Africa na ndị America America bụ ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na UCLA Film School na njedebe-1960. ruo ngwụcha-1980 wee mepụta sinima ojii nke na-enye ihe ọzọ na sinima Hollywood oge gboo . ^{[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]}

ndabere

N'ọnwa Jun 1953, Ike Jones ghọrọ onye America mbụ n'Africa ga-agụsị akwụkwọ na UCLA Film School. ^[6] N'ime afọ 15 sochirinụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-eme fim Africa-America ka dị ntakịrị. Otu n'ime ndị ahụ bụ Vantile Whitfield, onye tọrọ ntọala Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles na 1964 wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na UCLA na 1967. ^[7] Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1960s, n'etiti ọrụ nkwenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ. N'ime ihe ọkụkụ ọhụrụ a nke ndị na-ese ihe bụ Charles Burnett, nwa akwụkwọ injinia nke gara Los Angeles City College, na Haile Gerima, onye na-ese ihe nkiri Etiopia nke si na Chicago kwaga n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. N'adịghị ka ndị bu ha ụzọ, ha jụrụ mgbakọ Hollywood ma ihe nkiri sitere na Latin America, Italian neorealism, ihe nkiri nkà Europe, na cinema Africa na-apụta na-emetụta ya. Ha so na ndị mbụ n'ime ihe a bịara mara dị ka "Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers." ^{[3] [8]}

Na nsonye nke Watts Riots na ụdị ọgba aghara ndị ọzọ, dị ka 1969 ịgbapụ na ogige UCLA metụtara Ron Karenga 's US Organisation, Burnett na ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nwere agba nyere aka kwalite mahadum ịmalite mmemme ọmụmụ agbụrụ . . ^[5] Elyseo J. Taylor, onye bụ naanị onye nkuzi ojii na UCLA Film School na mmalite 1970s, bụ onye nkuzi nwere mmetụta na mmemme ahụ. ^[9]

Teshome Gabriel, onye ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, malitere izi ihe na UCLA na 1974 wee ghọọ ma onye ọrụ ibe na onye ndụmọdụ nye ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri jikọtara ya na mmegharị ahụ. ^[10]

Nchọpụta mmegharị

Ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri bụ́ Clyde Taylor chepụtara okwu a bụ “LA Rebellion” iji kọwaa ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. ^[11]

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1997, Doc Films, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ihe nkiri nke dabeere na Mahadum Chicago, kwadoro otu n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke LA Rebellion. Jacqueline Stewart, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na mahadum, nyere aka ịhazi usoro ihe omume ahụ. Usoro a gụnyere ọrụ Charles Burnett, Haile Gerima na Julie Dash . ^[12]

Na Fall 2011, UCLA Film and Television Archive mere ka a isi azụ azụ nke ihe nkiri ndị a isiokwu, "LA nnupụisi: Ịmepụta a New Black Cinema." Ndị Getty Foundation kwadoro usoro a dịka akụkụ nke Pacific Standard Time: Art na LA 1945-1980 . ^{[2] [5]} Tupu mmemme ahụ, ndị otu UCLA curatorial na-eduzi akụkọ banyere ọnụ, na-achọpụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri iri ise, ndị ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọgidere bụrụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ. A na-achịkọta akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-echekwa ọtụtụ ihe nkiri tupu ha enyocha ya. E bipụtakwara katalọgụ, "L. A. Nnupụisi: Ịmepụta Cinema Black New (Los Angeles, 2011), bụ nke sonyeere mmemme nlegharị anya site n'ihe karịrị obodo iri na ise na North America na Europe.

Ndepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mkpa nke mmegharị nnupụisi LA

Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri

Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri edepụtara n'okpuru ebe a, ebe a maara nke ọma dị ka onye edemede / ndị nduzi, na-arụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na mmepụta ihe nkiri dị iche iche site na ọrụ mbụ ha.  

Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri

Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara na ihe nkiri LA Rebellion dị iche iche ma na-ejikọta ya na mmegharị ahụ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ:  

Ndị ọzọ

Ndị a akwadola ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LA Rebellion dị ka ndị ndụmọdụ na/ma ọ bụ ndị ọkà mmụta:

• Clyde Taylor, onye nkatọ ihe nkiri, chepụtara nkebi ahịrịokwu ahụ "LA Rebellion" iji kọwaa mmegharị a
• Elyseo J. Taylor, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nkuzi na UCLA ^[9]
• Vantile Whitfield, onye mbụ African-American UCLA Film School gụsịrị akwụkwọ na onye guzobere Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles (PASLA) ^[7]
• Teshome Gabriel, ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na Prọfesọ na UCLA ^[10]
• Ntongela Masilela, ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri
• Jacqueline Najuma Stewart, ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri na Prọfesọ Prọfesọ na Mahadum Northwwest
• Allyson Nadia Field, Prọfesọ Prọfesọ nke Cinema na Media Studies na African American Studies na UCLA
• Jan-Christopher Horak, onye isi nke UCLA Film & Television Archive

Ndepụta ihe nkiri LA nnupụisi ama ama

Ihe na-esonụ bụ ndepụta oge ihe nkiri dị mkpụmkpụ na ogologo ogologo sitere na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LA Rebellion nke a na-ewerekarị dị ka seminal ma ọ bụ ama ama.

• Ọtụtụ ndị enyi (1969) ^{[13] [14]}
• Ezinụlọ Naanị Nne Na-azụma: Foto dị na Black (1976)
• Emma Mae (1976)
• Owuwe ihe ubi: afọ 3,000 (1976)
• Na-agafe (1977)
• Onye na-egbu atụrụ (1978) ^[15]
• Bush Mama (1979) ^{[15] [16]}
• Ụlọ mkpọrọ (1979)
• Ememe mmiri #1: Ememe Ime Ọcha nke Obodo (1979)
• Ụmụ Gị Alọghachikwute Gị (1979)
• Ashes na Embers (1982) ^[15]
• Foto dị iche (1982)
• Echiche efu (1982) ^[15]
• Gọzie obere obi ha (1984)
• Usoro (1989)
• Iji iwe hie ụra (1990) ^[15]
• Ụmụ nwanyị nke Uzuzu (1991) ^[15]
• Sankofa (1993) ^[15]
• The Glass Shield (1994)
• Adwa (1999)
• Nkwụghachi (2000)

Mmetụta na ihe nketa

Akwụkwọ akụkọ, Mmụọ nke Nnupụisi: Black Cinema na UCLA, na-akọwa ajụjụ ọnụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe nkiri jikọtara ya na mmegharị ahụ. Zeinabu irene Davis na-eduzi ya, a na-enyocha ya dị ka ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na Saturday, October 8, 2011 dị ka akụkụ nke "LA Rebellion: Ịmepụta Cinema Black New." ^{[2] [17]}

Ihe nkiri LA Rebellion nke ewebatala na ndekọ ihe nkiri nke mba : Killer of Sheep (1990), Daughters of the Dust (2004), Gọzie obere obi ha (2013) na ịra ụra na iwe (2017).

Nnupụisi LA gara n'ihu na-emetụta akụkụ nke egwu ojii nke oge a n'ofe obodo ahụ. Na 2009, onye na-ewu ewu na Brooklyn-amụrụ rapper na onye na-akwado Yasiin Bey, wepụtara otu album aha ya bụ, The Ecstatic . Foto mkpuchi album nke Ecstatic bụ onyonyo ka ewepụtara ozugbo site na ogbugba na Charles Burnett's Killer of Sheep mana ejiri nzacha odo odo kpuchie ya. Mos Def akpọwo Killer of Sheep dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya na N'ajụjụ ọnụ Pitchfork . ^[18]

Hụkwa

• Ụlọ ihe nkiri Africa
• Ịrụ arụrụala
• Ụlọ ihe nkiri Cuban
• Ochie kpochapụwo
• Ụlọ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Europe
• French New Wave
• Ịtali neorealism
• sinima Latin America
• Hollywood ọhụrụ

Ntụaka

akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na UCLA na 1967. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụsị 1960s, n'etiti ọrụ nkwenye, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii na-abawanye nwayọọ nwayọọ. N'imenkiri nke dabeere na Mahadum Chicago, kwadoro otu n'ime ihe nkiri mbụ nke LA Rebellion. Jacqueline Stewart, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na mahadum, nyere aka ịhazi

1. Movie movements that defined cinema: L.A. Rebellion|Movies|Empire
2. L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema. UCLA School of Theater, Film & Television. Retrieved on 2011-10-02. “Beginning in the late 1960s, a number of promising African and African-American students entered the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, recruited under a concerted initiative to be more responsive to various communities of color. From that first class through the late 1980s, and continuing well beyond their college days, these filmmakers came to represent the first sustained undertaking to forge an alternative black cinema practice in the United States. Along the way, they created fascinating, provocative and visionary films that have earned an impressive array of awards and accolades at festivals around the world, in addition to blazing new paths into the commercial market.”"L.A. Rebellion: Creating a New Black Cinema". Los Angeles, California: UCLA School of Theater, Film & Television. Retrieved 2011-10-02. Beginning in the late 1960s, a number of promising African and African-American students entered the UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television, recruited under a concerted initiative to be more responsive to various communities of color. From that first class through the late 1980s, and continuing well beyond their college days, these filmmakers came to represent the first sustained undertaking to forge an alternative black cinema practice in the United States. Along the way, they created fascinating, provocative and visionary films that have earned an impressive array of awards and accolades at festivals around the world, in addition to blazing new paths into the commercial market.
3. Hornaday. "From L.A. Hotbed, Black Filmmakers' Creativity Flowered", Washington Post, 2007-06-03. Retrieved on 2011-10-02. “In 1967, after studying electrical engineering at Los Angeles Community College, Burnett arrived at UCLA to study film. For the next 10 years, UCLA students would develop a fecund, cosmopolitan and politically engaged movement that came to be unofficially known as the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers.”
4. The L.A. Rebellion. Film Reference. Retrieved on 2011-10-02. “Armed with a knowledge of "traditional" film history now infused with an introduction to the Third Cinema movement and exposure to revolutionary films from Latin America and Africa, these filmmakers took advantage of their "outsider" positioning, reinvigorating the push for a politically driven cinema...”
5. Patterson. "L.A. Rebellion:Creating a New Black Cinema", L.A. Weekly, 2011-10-06. Retrieved on 2011-10-10. “This collection of the highlights of the legendary but only partially understood African-American film explosion at UCLA in the '70s and early '80s is a priceless work of excavation and restoration, and as an L.A.-specific filmic event it's unlikely to be surpassed in the near future.”
6. (October 16, 1952) "Football Player To Pioneer In Hollywood Films". Jet 2 (25). 
7. Shinhoster Lamb. "Arts Administrator, Playwright Vantile Whitfield Dies", Washington Post, 2005-01-23. Retrieved on 2011-11-13. “He graduated with a bachelor's degree in theater and design from Howard University in 1957 and a master's degree in film production from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1967. In the years between colleges, he started community theaters.”Shinhoster Lamb, Yvonne (2005-01-23). "Arts Administrator, Playwright Vantile Whitfield Dies". Washington Post. Washington, DC. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2011-11-13. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in theater and design from Howard University in 1957 and a master's degree in film production from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1967. In the years between colleges, he started community theaters.
8. Norton. Black Independent Cinema and the Influence of Neo-Realism. Images: A Journal of Film and Popular Culture. Retrieved on 2011-10-02. “Most notable of these filmmakers were Charles Burnett, Billy Woodberry, Haile Gerima and Julie Dash. Drawing on their own experiences in the black community and varied political and social discourses of the time including black nationalism, the Civil Rights Movement, the Women's Movement, anti-war rhetoric and Marxist doctrine, these filmmakers sought an aesthetic and mode of representation and narration that spoke to the realities of black existence and the state of the black family under a hegemonic rule of white racism and subordination.”
9. Black Art, Black Artists (1971); Festival of Mask (1982); Varnette's World: A Study of a Young Artist (1979); Trumpetistically, Clora Bryant (1989). UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved on 2011-10-02. “As the only Black faculty member in UCLA's film school, Elyseo Taylor was an influential teacher and advocate for students of color.”"Black Art, Black Artists (1971); Festival of Mask (1982); Varnette's World: A Study of a Young Artist (1979); Trumpetistically, Clora Bryant (1989)". UCLA Film & Television Archive. Retrieved 2011-10-02. As the only Black faculty member in UCLA's film school, Elyseo Taylor was an influential teacher and advocate for students of color.
10. Cinema & Media Studies professor was an internationally recognized expert on Third World Cinema. UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television (2010-06-10). Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved on 2011-10-03. “As a faculty member and student at TFT in the 1970s and early 1980s, Gabriel was both a colleague of and a mentor to the African-American and African student filmmakers whose work came to define the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers, also known as the "L.A. Rebellion." The group included such soon-to-be-celebrated artists as Charles Burnett, Larry Clark, Julie Dash, Haile Gerima, Ben Caldwell, Billy Woodberry, Alile Sharon Larkin, Jacqueline Frazier, Jamaa Fanaka and Barbara McCullough. The UCLA Film & Television Archive is currently preparing a major film exhibition scheduled for 2011 which will explore this key artistic movement.”. Los Angeles, California: UCLA School of Theater, Film and Television. 2010-06-10. Archived from on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2011-10-03. As a faculty member and student at TFT in the 1970s and early 1980s, Gabriel was both a colleague of and a mentor to the African-American and African student filmmakers whose work came to define the Los Angeles School of Black Filmmakers, also known as the "L.A. Rebellion." The group included such soon-to-be-celebrated artists as Charles Burnett, Larry Clark, Julie Dash, Haile Gerima, Ben Caldwell, Billy Woodberry, Alile Sharon Larkin, Jacqueline Frazier, Jamaa Fanaka and Barbara McCullough. The UCLA Film & Television Archive is currently preparing a major film exhibition scheduled for 2011 which will explore this key artistic movement.
11. What's in a Name? L.A. Rebellion | UCLA Film & Television Archive (en). www.cinema.ucla.edu. Retrieved on 2018-09-06.
12. Doc Films. University of Chicago.
13. Several Friends (1969) - IMDb
14. Several Friends|UCLA Film & Television Archive
15. Notebook Sountrack Mix #11: L.A. Rebellion —— The Unity, Resistance & Love Mixtape on MUBI
16. American Neorealism Now|Current|The Criterion Collection
17. Preview: "Spirits of Rebellion" - A Documentary Film About The L.A. Rebellion Film Movement. Indiewire. Archived from the original on 2013-01-26. Retrieved on 2011-10-02.
18. Mos Def Returns With The Ecstatic|Pitchfork

Njikọ mpụga

• Trailer nke mmụọ nke nnupụisi na YouTube
• Nnupụisi LA: Ịmepụta Cinema ojii ọhụrụ
• Ndị mmụọ nke nnupụisi webụsaịtị gọọmentị

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

• Ubi, Allyson Nadia; Horak, Jan-Christopher; Stewart, Jacqueline Najuma, ed. (2015). Nnupụisi LA: Ịmepụta Cinema ojii ọhụrụ. Oakland, California: Mahadum California Press.