Litema

Ụdị Tema ọdịnala na ntụgharị na ntụgharị nke ntọala ihe nlereanya

Litema, nke a na asụ dị ka Ditema na orthography Sesotho nke South Africa (nke a na akpọ: /ditʼɪːma/; Singular: Tema, Sesotho maka "ihe osise" ma ọ bụ "ala a na akọ ugbo") bụ ụdị nka Sesotho nke nwere ihe ịchọ mma na ihe nnọchianya geometric, nke a jikọtara ya na omenala Sesotho nke a na'oge a na eme na Lesotho na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu nke South Africa. Ụmụ nwanyị Basotho na emepụta litema na mgbidi ndị dị n'èzí na n'ime ụlọ site na ihe osise, eserese, ihe osise na / ma ọ bụ mosaic. Dị ka ọ na adịkarị, a na egbutu ma ọ bụ na agbutu ụkpụrụ geometric n'ime mmiri dị n'elu ụrọ na nsị nke mgbidi, ma mesịa jiri ochers nke ala ma ọ bụ, n'oge a, ágbá rụrụ. Atụmatụ na emekarị ka ubi ndị a na akọ ugbo site na ọdịdị dị mma, ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ na ezo aka na ndụ osisi, na mgbe ụfọdụ na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ụwa okike, dị ka na ezo aha anụmanụ totem. Litema na agafe agafe; ha nwere ike ịcha ma daa ma ọ bụ nnukwu mmiri ozuzo saa ha. Ọ bụ ihe a na ahụkarị maka ụmụ nwanyị si n'obodo dum itinye liturema n'oge pụrụ iche dị ka agbamakwụkwọ ma ọ bụ emume okpukpe.^[1]

Okwu mmalite

Dị ka Gary van Wyk (1993:84) rụtụrụ aka na nyocha ya banyere usoro ọmụmụ nke aha Sesotho nke na-egosi "Sesotho mural art," litema na-ezokwa aka n'echiche ndị metụtara "ala ndị a na-akọ ihe", na omenala ịchọ mma na-ejikọta ya na ihe ọkụkụ. n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. O sitere na ngwaa stem -lema (n'ime njedebe, ho lema "ịzụlite"), nke bụ ntụgharị nke mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Bantu * -dɪ̀m- "ịkọpụta (esp. na nja)". A na-akpọ orthographic ⟨l⟩ na li- (klas 10 noun class prefix for Sesotho nouns) [d] na Sesotho ebe [d] bụ allophone nke /l/ na-eme n'ihu ụdaume nso, /i/ na /u/. Ọkpụkpụ ⟨e⟩ nwere ike inwe ụkpụrụ atọ nwere ike ịbụ na Sesotho: /ɪ/, /ɛ/, na /e/. Na ⟨litema⟩ ka a na-akpọ /ɪ/, dịka mgbọrọgwụ Proto-Bantu si dị.

Nhazi

A na eji usoro iheomume nke ọtụtụ ọkwa mara. A na ahazi ụkpụrụ n'ozuzu ya na square cells. A na ekewa mgbidi a ga ahazi n'ime grid iji mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ. A na etinye mkpụrụ ndụ ọ bụla n'otu usoro ahụ, nke a na agbanwekarị ma ọ bụ na egosipụta site na mkpụrụ ndụ gaa na mkpụrụ ndụ. N'ihi ya, nhazi nke usoro ahụ dum na adabere na nhazi dị na usoro ahụ. E nwere atụmatụ nwere naanị otu axis enyo na ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi nke na eme ka echiche zuru oke nke na-aga n'otu ụzọ. Ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ bụ isi nwere ọtụtụ axis nke symmetry ma ọ bụ rotational symmetry, ma nye usoro ahụ n'ozuzu ya ihe ịchọ mma dị larịị. A na egbochi nhazi agba, a na ejikarị naanị agba abụọ eme ihe ^[1]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Omenala nke ihe osise mural na Southern Africa abụghị nke malitere na nso nso a. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta ndị e gwupụtara n'ebe ndị a na amụ banyere ihe mgbe ochie na Sotho-Tswana kpughere ala ụlọ ndị dị ndụ ruo ihe dị ka afọ 1500, ihe akaebe mbụ nke ihe osise Sotho Twana malitere ihe dị ka narị afọ ise (Grant 1995:45; Van Wyk 1998:88). Ọ dịla anya tupu ọdịnala nke ihe osise Ndebele nke a ma ama n'ụwa niile. Malite na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, omenala nka nke Ndzundza Ndebele a na akpọ igwalo (nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Ihe osise ụlọ Ndebele), a na ekwu na ọ bụ ngwakọta nke omenala Northern Sotho ditema na omenala imewe Nguni nke a na eji eme ihe, ite na ịkpa nkata.^[2]

Ihe ndekọ nke ndị ọchịchị na achị

Otu n'ime akụkọ ndị mbụ e dere banyere ihe osise Basotho bụ nke onye ozi ala ọzọ Rev. John Campbell dere. Na nkọwa ya nke 1813 banyere ihe osise Batlhaping (South Tswana), Campbell kwuru ihe ndị a: "Mgbe anyị nụrụ banyere ihe osisa ụfọdụ n'ụlọ Salakootoo, anyị gara mgbe anyị nwụsịrị iji kirie ha. Anyị hụrụ ha ihe ngosi siri ike nke kamel-agụny, rhinoceros, enyí, ọdụm, na stein-buck, nke nwunye Salakootoo sere na mgbidi ụrọ, na ágbá ọcha na oji. Otú ọ dị, ha mere nke ọma dị ka anyị tụrụ anya ya, ma nwee ike iduga ihe ka mma" (Grant 1995:43).

Na njem nke abụọ ya na 1820, Campbell, nyere akụkọ na anụ ọkụ n'obi banyere ihe ọ hụrụ n'ụlọ otu onye isi "Sinosee" nke agbụrụ Hurutse nke Sotho-Tswana. Campbell nyere ihe osise abụọ ahụ yana nkọwa okwu nke ụlọ onye isi ahụ: "A na ete mgbidi ahụ ágbá na acha odo odo, ma jiri ihe oyiyi nke ọta, enyí na kamel-agụ owuru, wdg chọọ ya mma. A na achọkwa ya mma na cornice ma ọ bụ ihe osise dị n'ókè nke na acha ọbara ọbara... a na achọ mgbidi ya (nke ụlọ ihi ụra Sinosee) mma na eji ihe ngosi mara mma nke enyí na giraffe... N'ụlọ ụfọdụ, ogidi, wdg, wdg e ji ụrọ siri ike mee ka ha ghara iji ihe osise mee ihe osise 1998 ma mee ka ndị Europe mee ihe osisa dị iche iche iche: Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme George Stow chịkọtara ma bipụta akụkọ Campbell, n'akwụkwọ ya The Native Races of South Africa (1905). ^[3] Stow bipụtakwara ihe osise mbụ a maara nke litema - ihe osise asatọ nke "Bakuena" (ezinụlọ guzobere mba Basotho) mere, nke o nwere ike ịdọrọ onwe ya, dabere na akwụkwọ ozi Stow na ebipụtaghị na South African Library nke ọ kọrọ na ọ gara n'ụlọ Bakoena kraal mebiri emebi (Van Wyk 1998:89). Ihe osise Stow gosipụtara akụkụ ndị yiri ihe osise litema ka a na eme taa yana ihe osise nke ntụpọ, eriri, triangles, na zigzags na eme na ụcha ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ ya nke 1861, onye ozi ala ọzọ French Eugene Casallis chetara usoro litema ọ hụworo kemgbe ọ biri n'etiti Basotho n'afọ 1830, na akpọ atụmatụ ahụ "mara mma", nke na-atụ aro atụmatụ ndị dị mgbagwoju anya karịa ihe atụ Bakoena Stow mepụtara (Van Wyk 1998:89). Ihe ndekọ Stow anaghị agụnye atụmatụ ọ bụla na etinye ihe osise osisi dịka ndị a hụrụ na litema nke oge a. Van Wyk (1994) na atụ aro na ihe ndị ọzọ nke oge a na "ihe osise curvilinear dị mgbagwoju anya nwere ụtọ Victorian ma ọ bụ Edwardian nke nwere ike ịbụ na ngwaahịa ndị dị na Europe dị ka usoro linoleum, ihe ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na lace nwere mmetụta.

Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke oge a

Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu narị afọ kewara ihe osise Stow na ndị ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Lesotho National Teachers Training College mere na 1976 (Van Wyk 1989:89). Benedict Lira Mothibe, onye nkuzi nka na kọleji n'oge ahụ, nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ ntụziaka ka ha depụtaghachi atụmatụ litema maka ebumnuche nke iji ha na nkuzi geometry nke klas na dị ka mbipụta maka poteto. Nke ka mkpa, ọ bụ mgbalị Mothibe mere iji mee ka mmasị dịghachi n'ihe o weere dị ka omenala Sesotho bara uru. Gary van Wyk jiri ihe osise ndị a mee ihe n'oge ọ na-eme nnyocha dị ukwuu na South Africa na Lesotho site na 1991-1994, na edekọ nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị na usoro akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere aha na ihe ha kwuru na ha, ma mesịa bipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara na ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ahịhịa a kapịrị ọnụ (dịka "melons") nke a kpọrọ aha na 1970s echefuola site na 1990s ma tinye ya n'okpuru ụdị nkọwa nke "blomme", okwu Afrikaans maka "flowers," n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, aha a nọgidere na enwe njikọ ihe atụ dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ọmụmụ ahịhịhịa, nke jikọtara ya na ọrụ ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na ndị na eri nri. Ọzọkwa, a ka na achọpụta usoro ole na ole nke Mothibe dere ma na emepụta na mbido afọ 1990, dị ka otu nke na ezo aka na bọọdụ marabaraba, egwuregwu a ma ama dị ka checkers (1998:90-91).

N'oge na adịbeghị anya (2003), Mothibe, na onyinye ọzọ maka ihe kpatara nchekwa, chịkọtara ma nye onyinye nke abụọ na atụmatụ litema nke akpọrọ Basotho Litema Patterns (With Modifications) na School of Design Technology and Visual Art nke Central University of Technology, Free State, na enye ndekọ emelitere nke atụmatụ na nkọwa ha. ^[4]

Ihe nnọchianya

Nnyocha nke Van Wyk na Mathews mere na ngwụcha afọ 1980 na etiti afọ 1990, nke ruru n'ókè n'akwụkwọ abụọ nwere ihe osise nke akpọrọ African Painted Houses: Basotho Dwellings of Southern Africa (Van Wyk, 1998) na The African Mural (Chanquion & Matthews, 1989), na egosi na enweghị ike ịghọta nka nke litema n'ụzọ mara mma.

Nwaanyị, Okike na Litema^[5]

N'ọtụtụ ọrụ na isiokwu a, Gary Van Wyk (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998) na ekwu na ihe osise Sesotho bụ ụdị nka okpukpe, na arịọ ndị nna nna maka mmiri ozuzo nke na enye ọmụmụ nke na azụ ubi ma si otú ahụ na akwado ìgwè atụrụ na obodo mmadụ. O kwuru na a pụrụ ịhụ ihe osise dị ka ekpere e sere ese. Ọ bụrụ na ndị nna nna afọ ojuju, ha na enye mmiri ozuzo nke na asa mgbidi, na usoro ndụ na amalite ọzọ. Ọ dabara adaba na ụmụ nwanyị na emepụta ihe osise, ndị jikọtara ha na ụlọ ahụ n'ụzọ ihe atụ, nke bụ ihe atụ nke afọ ime na nke okike, yana ala ahịhịa nke ụmụ nwanyị jikọtara ya site na ọrụ ọdịnala ha dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na eri nri, yana site na ọtụtụ akara ahịhịhịa ndị ọzọ. Akụkọ ifo nke okike Basotho, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ekwu na mba ahụ si n'ebe gbara ọchịchịrị dị omimi n'ime ụwa site n'àkwà ahịhịa; n'ihi ya, ọ bụ omenala mgbe a mụrụ nwatakịrị n'ime ụlọ ụrọ, nke e wuru na mbụ n'ụdị igloo, ya mere, itinye ahịhịrị n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ ahụ ruo mgbe nwatakịrị ahụ "gafere ahịhịhịa" ka ọ pụta n'ìhè (Van Wyk 1998: 103-107). N'otu aka ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị na amalite na eyi ihe nkpuchi ahịhịa, na n'oge ha na amalite, ha na akpa akwa ahịhịhịa.

Njikọ ihe atụ a dị n'etiti ụlọ ahụ dị ka igloo na ahụ ka e mesịrị wegara n'ụlọ rectangular nke oge a nwere elu ụlọ dị larịị, ebe a na achọ gburugburu ọnụ ụzọ na windo mma karịsịa, aha maka ụkpụrụ litema n'akụkụ elu ụlọ ahụ bụ "isi". "A na eme emume ọmụmụ nke ubi na nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ịmepụta okooko osisi na egbuke egbuke, ahịhịa na-agbasa, tendrils na agba gburugburu...N'ihi na ọrụ ugbo bụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na achọ ụlọ mma ka a na ele ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ndị na ese onyinyo ọrụ a n'ọhịa dị na mgbidi ha. Ihe osise ndị ahụ bụ ala Afrịka, nke nwere ala ha na anọchite anya" (Van Wyk 1994). Nke a na-apụta ìhè na usoro litema nke na agụnye naanị mkpocha na enweghị ụcha n'ime apịtị: ndị a na eṅomi ọdịdị nke ubi a na akọ ugbo. Van Wyk chọpụtara na red ocher, nke a na akpọ letsoku, ma ọ bụ "ọbara nke ụwa", na anọchi anya ọmụmụ na ọbara nke ịhụ nsọ na ịchụ àjà, na emesi njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti ndị nna nna na ọmụmụ ike ma na akọwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na a na etinye red ocher n'ime atụmatụ ọ bụla. White na anọchite anya ịdị jụụ, ịdị ọcha na nghọta nke ndị nna nna na akwalite na ọchịchọ, ebe ojii na anọchi anya igwe ojii mmiri ozuzo gbara ọchịchịrị nke ndị nna ochie na enye ma ọ bụrụ na ihe niile dị jụụ ma dị mma, a na ejikọkwa agba abụọ a ugboro ugboro na mpaghara mgbanwe nke ụlọ ahụ, dị ka elu ụlọ na gburugburu ọnụ ụzọ na windo. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe ndị dị ka triangles na zigzags nwekwara ihe nnọchianya nke na eme ka ọ ghara ịdị n'oge na adịbeghị anya. N'ime afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990, Van Wyk na ese foto na mgbidi nke gosipụtara nkwupụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na eji agba nke African National Congress a machibidoro iwu n'oge oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ma ọ bụ na etinye ihe osise ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nkwupụta.

Tom Mathews n'ihe odide ya (nke foto nwa ya nwoke Paul Chanquion sere kwadoro) kwuru na okooko osisi na ntụpọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ọmụmụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ na ekwu na usoro chevron na anọchite anya mmiri ma ọ bụ ala na adịghị mma ebe triangles bụ akara na egosi nwoke na nwanyị (Changuion & Matthews, 1989:9,19,55).

N'ime nnyocha nke CUT duziri, ọ dịghị onye maara ihe gbasara nka nke litema (Bekker, Thabane na Mothibe) ma ọ bụ ndị na eme ihe nkiri nwere ihe ọmụma ọ bụla gbasara ihe dị omimi karịa nke ịchọ ụlọ mma maka ebumnuche mara mma. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na ese ihe a jụrụ ajụjụ ekerịta echiche ha banyere ohere nke ihe nnọchianya. Dị ka ndị na ese ihe na Free State si kwuo, nne ha (ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na Lesotho), nwere ike ịmara ihe ndị dị otú ahụ, mana ha esoghị ha ozi a n'oge nkuzi ha.^[6]

Usoro ide ihe

Otu onye na akọwa ihe a ma ama ekwuola na litema na anọchite anya usoro ederede ederede nke Basotho oge ochie.^[7] Dị ka ekwuru n'elu, o yikarịrị ka enwere echiche ihe atụ jikọtara ya na litema (ma eleghị anya, nke a ga eji tụnyere ọdịnala nke akara Adinkra na West Africa), mana enwere obere ihe akaebe iji kwado ịdị adị nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụdị ihe odide nke egosiri na Ihe odide ndị Ijipt ma ọ bụ Ihe odide ndị China.

Ka o sina dị, e nwere n'ezie usoro ederede nke oge a (karịsịa, syllabary featural) jikọtara ya na litema, nke enwere ike iji dee Sesotho (na asụsụ ndị ọzọ niile nke Southern Bantu). A na akpọ ya Ditema tsa Dinoko ("Ditema syllabary") ma mara ya site na aha Zulu ya, Isibheqe Sohlamvu, na aha ndị ọzọ dị iche iche metụtara ya n'asụsụ dị iche iche.^[8][9]

Akwụkwọ

• Gary van Wyk: Through the Cosmic Flower: Secret resistance in the mural art of Sotho-Tswana women. In: Mary H. Nooter: Secrecy: African art that conceals and reveals. Museum for African Art, New York 1993, Templeeti:ISBN.
• Gary van Wyk: Patterns of Possession : An Art of African Habitation. UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, MI, 1996.
• Gary van Wyk: African painted houses : Basotho dwellings of Southern Africa. Abrams, New York 1998, Templeeti:ISBN.
• Paul Changuion: The African mural. New Holland Publishers, London 1989, Templeeti:ISBN.
• Paulus Gerdes: On Mathematical Ideas in Cultural Traditions of Central and Southern Africa. In: Helaine Selin (Hrsg.): Mathematics across cultures: the history of non-western mathematics. Springer, New York 2001, Templeeti:ISBN, S. 313–344.
• Paulus Gerdes: Women, Art And Geometry In Southern Africa. Africa World Press, Trenton (NJ) 1998, Templeeti:ISBN.
• Sandy and Elinah Grant: Decorated homes in Botswana, Creda Press, Cape Town 1996, Templeeti:ISBN.
• Benedict Mothibe: Litema: Designs by Students at the NTTCL, Morija Press, Maseru 1976.

Njikọ mpụga

Wikimedia Commons nwe ru media dị ikwu nye Litema.

• [1]'Fields of Vision' 'The Art of Sotho Habitation' nke Gary van Wyk, nyocha nke ngosi na mbipụta.
• [2]'Fecundity of Fields and Women' na-akpali Sotho Mural Arts. 'Nkà nke Ụlọ Sotho. ' (Ihe ngosi na mbipụta nke Gary van Wyk) Columbia University Record - October 14, 1994 - Vol. 20, Nke 6
• LITEMA - Ihe osise nke Basotho, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Carina Beyer, Ihe Omume Foto, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ maka Nkà na Ụzụ na Ihe Omume nke Central University of Technology, Free State

Ihe odide

1. Paulus Gerdes: On Mathematical Ideas in Cultural Traditions of Central and Southern Africa. In: Helaine Selin (Hrsg.): Mathematics across cultures. New York 2001, S. 329–332.
2. The role of decoration in Ndebele society. www.sahistory.org.za (1 January 2015). Retrieved on 16 September 2015.
3. Stow (1905). The native races of South Africa; a history of the intrusion of the Hottentots and Bantu into the hunting grounds of the Bushmen, the aborigines of the country .., Cornell University Library, London : S. Sonnenschein & Co., limited; New York, The Macmillan Co.. 
4. Historical Record. portal.cut.ac.za/litema (16 April 2014). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 16 September 2015.
5. Gerdes (2013). Women, Culture and Geometry in Southern Africa (in en). Lulu.com. ISBN 978-1-304-10560-8. 
6. Litema Symbolism. portal.cut.ac.za/litema (16 April 2014). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 16 September 2015.
7. Ditema Tsa Basotho Writing System. zulumathabo.wordpress.com (1 March 2015). Retrieved on 16 September 2015.
8. IsiBheqe. isibheqe.org (23 August 2015). Archived from the original on 8 February 2016. Retrieved on 16 September 2015.
9. Isibheqe Sohlamvu: An Indigenous Writing System for Southern Bantu Languages. linguistics.org.za (22 June 2015). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 16 September 2015.