Marguerite Barankitse

Barankitse na Yerevan na Matenadaran, n'oge panel Aurora Dialogues, tupu emume Aurora Prize
Barankitse na stampụ Armenia nke afọ 2017

Marguerite (Maggie) Barankitse (amụrụ na 1957 na Ruyigi, Ruyigi Province, Burundi) bụ onye na-akwado ọdịmma ndị mmadụ na Burundi nke na-arụ ọrụ ịkwalite ọdịmma ụmụaka ma na-agbagha ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Burundi. Mgbe ọ gbapụtasịrị ụmụaka 25 na mgbuchapụ, a manyere ya ịhụ esemokwu dị n'etiti Hutu na Tutsi na mba ya na 1993. O guzobere Maison Shalom, ebe nchekwa nke nyere ihe karịrị ụmụaka 20,000 ụmụ mgbei nọ ná mkpa ohere inweta ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọdịbendị. [1] N'ihi na o mere mkpesa megide onye isi ala Pierre Nkurunziza nke ugboro atọ, ọ bi na mba ọzọ.

N'ime afọ iri abụọ na isii ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Burundi, Maison Shalom toro ghọọ nnukwu netwọk nke ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ọgwụ, na ọrụ ahụike gafee mba ahụ. Ebumnuche ya bụ imeziwanye ndụ ụmụ Burundi, site na mmepe jikọtara ọnụ na nke na-adịgide adịgide na ebumnuche ikpeazụ nke ịkwalite udo na-adịte aka na mba ahụ.Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2015, a manyere Barankitse ịgbapụ n'obodo ya, Maison Shalom wee banye na nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.[1] N'adịghị enyefe onwe ya, Barankitse tụgharịrị uche ya wee kpebie itinye ume ya niile n'inyere ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ 90,000 nke Burundi na Rwanda aka.[2] N'afọ 2017, ọ meghere Community Center Oasis of Peace na Kigali iji nyere ụmụ akwụkwọ aka, nye nkwado uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ndị a tara ahụhụ na ndị e dinara n'ike, ma tinye ọrụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara ndị dị ka ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ ọrụ aka, ọdịbendị, na ọgbọ ego.[3] O kwuru na ọhụụ ya bụ ịkụnye ùgwù n'ime ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ iji mee ka nrọ ha dị ndụ: "Ihe ọjọọ enwetụbeghị okwu ikpeazụ - Ịhụnanya na-emeri mgbe niile".

Barabkitse anatala ọtụtụ ihe nrite, gụnyere ihe nrite Juan Maria Bandres maka ikike mgbapu, yana ihe nrite ikike mmadụ nke gọọmentị France (ma 1998), ihe nrite ụmụaka ụwa (2003), [1] onyinye nnwere onwe anọ (Nnwere Onwe Site n'Achọ), na Award Voices of Courage Award nke Women's Commission for Women and Refugee Children (ma 2004), [2] ihe nrite nke Nansen Refugee Award (2005), ihe nrite Opus (2008), [3] Nrite UNESCO (ma 2008), Nrite maka Mgbochi esemokwu (2011), na Nrite Aurora maka ịkpọte mmadụ (2016).[4]

Akụkọ ndụ

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A mụrụ Marguerite "Maggie" Barankitse na 1957 na Ruyigi, East-Burundi, otu n'ime mpaghara ndị kasị daa ogbenye na mba ahụ. N'ihe nketa ndị Tutsi, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị n'ógbè ahụ mana a chụpụrụ ya n'ihi mkpesa ya megide ịkpa ókè n'etiti ndị Hutu na ndị Tutsi n'ọhịa. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke bishọp Katọlik na Ruyigi.[5] N'agbanyeghị esemokwu na-arịwanye elu, Barankitse mere ka nrọ ya nke ịdị n'otu agbụrụ mezuo site n'ịzụlite ụmụ asaa: ndị Hutu anọ na ndị Tutsi atọ. Ka ime ihe ike na-arịwanye elu n'etiti agbụrụ abụọ ahụ mgbe e gbusịrị onye isi ala mbụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke Burundi, otu ìgwè ndị Tutsi ji égbè gbadatara na Ruyigi n'October 23, 1993, iji gbuo ezinụlọ ndị Hutu na-ezo n'ụlọ Bishop. Barankitse jisiri ike zoo ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụaka ahụ mana ndị agha jidere ya. Ha tiri ya ihe ma weda ya ala ma manye ya ile ogbugbu nke ndị Hutu 72, mana ọ jụrụ ịgwa ha ebe e zoro ụmụaka ahụ.[6] N'ikpeazụ, a hapụrụ ya naanị n'ihi ihe nketa ya bụ Tutsi. Mgbe ihe isi ike ahụ gasịrị, Barankitse kpọkọtara ụmụ nkuchi ya na ụmụ mgbei ndị dị ndụ ma zoo ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị nso. Ka ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-achọ ebe obibi na ya, o kpebiri ịmepụta obere nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị: Maison Shalom, Ụlọ Udo. Ụlọ ya meghere maka ụmụaka si n'agbụrụ niile: ndị Tutsi, ndị Hutu, na ndị Twa. Ọ na-akpọ ha "Ụmụ Hutsitwa m",Oma's mission for Burundi children was sparked by genocide, May 2004, <a href=\"https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burundi_womans_mission.html\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\" class=\"external free\" id=\"mwAWA\">https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/burundi_womans_mission.html</a>"}}" id="cite_ref-10" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Marguerite_Barankitse#cite_note-10 [3]] ha na-akpọkwa ya Oma[7] (ma ọ bụ "nne nne" na German). N'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ, Maison Shalom na Ruyigi bụ otu n'ime ebe ole na ole dị na Burundi ebe ndị Hutu na ndị Tutsis bi n'udo.[8]

Kemgbe ihe omume nke afọ 1993, ihe karịrị ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa 20,000 eritewo uru site na Maison Shalom. Tupu nsogbu dị ugbu a na Burundi, nzukọ ahụ were ihe karịrị mmadụ 270, gụnyere ndị nọọsụ, ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ, na ndị nkụzi na-arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche maka ụmụaka ahụ.

N'ọnwa Eprel 2016, Barankitse kwuru okwu megide oge nke atọ nke Onye isi ala Pierre Nkurunziza ma sonye na ngagharị iwe ndị ntorobịa na-akatọ ya. N'ihi ya, a manyere ya izo otu ọnwa n'ụlọ nnọchiteanya na Bujumbura.[9] N'ikpeazụ, ọ gbapụrụ; gọọmentị nwere aha ya na ndepụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ.[10] Barankitse chọtara onwe ya dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ.

Ụlọ Shalom na Burundi

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N’oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1993, mgbe e gbusịrị Melchior Ndadaye, onye isi ala Burundi mbụ n’ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya (onye Hutu), agha obodo Burundi malitere site na mgbuchapụ na-ewere ọnọdụ na mba ahụ dum. N'ógbè Ruyigi, ọdachi dakwasịrị na 24 October. Iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ogbugbu e gburu ndị si n'agbụrụ ha, ndị Tutsi chụpụrụ ndị Hutus nke obodo ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-ezo n'ụlọ dayọsis. Barankitse, bụ́ onye Tutsi, nọkwa n’ebe ahụ, ọ gbalịkwara iso ìgwè ndị Tutsi tụgharịa uche ka ha ghara ime ihe ike. Otú ọ dị, mgbalị ya bụ ihe efu: Ha kpebiri kee ya n'oche ma manye ya ka ọ kirie ogbugbu e gburu ndị enyi ya iri asaa na abụọ.[1] Awa ole na ole ka ogbugbu ahụ gasịrị, ụmụaka ndị ahụ e gburu malitere ịpụta n’ebe nzuzo ha. N'ụbọchị ahụ, Barankitse na-ekwu, ọ ghọtara na ọrụ ya ga-abụ ịlụ ọgụ megide ime ihe ike na-emebi obodo ya site n'inye ụmụaka ndị ahụ, na 20,000 ga-esochi, ihe ọzọ maka ịkpọasị. N'ime ọdachi a na-enwekarị, akụkọ gbasara "nwanyị ara Ruyigi" nke na-anwa anwa kpọbata ụmụ mgbei niile bịara ya, na-ajụghị onye ọ bụla. Twa, Hutu, Tutsi: Barankitse enweghị ihe ọ bụla.

Barankitse na mbụ kpọkọtara ụmụaka 25 na-enweghị nne na nna nke ogbugbu Ruyigi. Site n'enyemaka nke ndị enyi Europe na Burundi, ọ haziri netwọk nke nyere nlekọta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụaka. Na Mee 1994, bishọp Roman Katọlik nke Ruyigi, Bishọp Joseph Nduhirubusa kwetara ịgbanwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ochie ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi ụmụaka a na-akpọ 'Maison Shalom'. Ụmụaka kpọrọ ya aha a, iji cheta abụ a nụrụ na redio n'oge ahụ, nakwa n'ihi na ndị na-egbu egbu n'akụkụ abụọ nke esemokwu ahụ ejirila okwu ahụ bụ "udo" mee ihe ma merụọ ya.[11]

Maison Shalom lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ bụ isi ụmụaka, gụnyere ụmụaka ndị agha, ụmụ mgbei, ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, na ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Otú ọ dị, ọrụ ya dị maka obodo dum, na-emetụta ọ bụghị naanị ndụ ụmụ mgbei kamakwa mpaghara dum nke nwere ike ịnweta ọrụ ya. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọrụ Maison Shalom gbasaa n'obodo ndị ọzọ dị ka Butezi na Gizuru, ebe Barankitse meghere ebe obibi ụmụaka ndị ọzọ.

Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ihe bụ naanị ebe mgbaba na-achọ ichebe ụmụ mgbei n'akụkụ abụọ mgbe agha obodo gasịrị, toro ghọọ obodo dum, [12] ma gụnye ụlọ akụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, REMA Hospital, [13] họtel, ụlọ ahịa, ebe enyemaka maka ịmụ ịkwa akwa na kọmpụta, ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ injinia, ọdọ mmiri, na ọbụna sinima.[14]

Ụlọ Ọgwụ REMA nke Maison Shalom wuru na Burundi

Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume ndị ahụ bụ atụmatụ na-eweta ego nke ndị ntorobịa n'onwe ha na-eme, dị ka Ụlọ ndị ọbịa, sinima, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, na ihe ndị yiri ya. Mgbe ha nwetara onwe ha, ndị na-eto eto Maison Shalom kwadoro nwetara obere ụlọ na ala.

N'afọ 2004, e mere atụmatụ na ụmụaka 20,000 ritere uru site n'enyemaka Barankitse, ma ọ bụ n'onwe ya ma ọ bụ na-apụtaghị ìhè.[15][16]

Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, e wuru ihe karịrị ụlọ 300 maka ụmụaka na ndị ntorobịa dị n'agbata afọ 4 na 20. Òtù NGO nyekwara aka na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ndị gbara ndụ Burundi na-alọghachi na Ruyigi na ịchọta ndị ikwu ha furu efu. Barankitse nọkwa n'ihu n'ọgụ megide HIV / AIDS, na-eguzobe ọrụ ndụmọdụ iji kwalite mgbochi HIV / AIDS. Ya na ndị ọrụ ya lekọtara ihe karịrị 100 ụmụaka bu nje HIV bụ ndị a gbahapụrụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ ụmụ mgbei.

Barankitse malitekwara atụmatụ iji nyere ndị ntorobịa nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ aka. A mụrụ ụmụaka ụfọdụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ rụkwara ọrụ ịchọta ha ndụ ka mma, site na agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ n'èzí ụlọ mkpọrọ. Ndị otu ya gara n'ihu na-akwalite ọrụ ugbo ma guzobe ọrụ microfinance iji mee ka ndị nne na nna nwee ike ịzụlite obere azụmaahịa.[17]

Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 2015, ihe niile dara. Gọọmentị Burundi malitere igbochi ngagharị iwe megide Onye isi ala Nkurunziza. Ọtụtụ puku ndị Burundi malitere ịgbaga Rwanda, Uganda, Tanzania ma ọ bụ DRC. Barankitse mere mkpesa, lekọta ụmụaka merụrụ ahụ, ma nye ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nri. Mana na June 2015, a manyere Barankitse n'onwe ya ịgbapụ. Na Burundi, e nwere ọnụahịa n'isi ya.[18]

Ụlọ Shalom Rwanda na Community Center Oasis of Peace

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Barankitse jụrụ ịnọ ụbọchị ya na Europe n'ụzọ dị mma ma kpebie itinye ume ya iji nyere ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Burundi 90,000 aka na Rwanda.[19] Ọ malitere na nka ya: agụmakwụkwọ. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụaka na ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum n'ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.[20] O tinyere ụmụaka 126 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, 160 n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ sekọndrị, wee nweta agụmakwụkwọ 353 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ gbara ọsọ ndụ na mahadum iji sonye na mahadum Rwanda, na agụmakwụkwọ 10 maka ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị mma ịmụ na mahadum mba ofesi.

Na Mee 2017, Barankitse meghere Community Center Oasis of Peace maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-enye nkwado uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ndị a tara ahụhụ na ndina n'ike, yana itinye n'ọrụ mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara ndị dị ka ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ ọrụ, ọdịbendị, na mmepụta ego. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ọtụtụ ọmụmụ gụnyere asụsụ Bekee, nkà nri, ịkwa ákwà, ịchọ mma, na eserese. O nwekwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ma nwee kọmputa nwere njikọ ịntanetị maka nyocha na ọzụzụ kọmputa. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 200 na-abịa kwa ụbọchị na Center ma na-erite uru site na ọrụ dị iche iche nke Maison Shalom na-enye.[21]

Maison Shalom na-achọ inyere ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ọkachasị ndị na-eto eto nọ n'ebe a chụgara ha aka ibi ndụ n'ụzọ dị ùgwù, iji oge a chụpụrụ ha maka inye ikike na mgbaghara maka ndị manyere ha ịgbapụ n'ala nna ha.

Mahama Elite Center na Mahama Refugee Camp na

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Kemgbe afọ 2015, a manyere ihe karịrị ndị Burundi 430,000 ịgbapụ ma chọọ ebe mgbaba na mba ndị gbara ya gburugburu dịka Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda.[22] N'etiti ha, ihe karịrị 90,000 nọ na Rwanda, nke 58,000 bi na Mahama Refugee Camp. A na-ewere ogige a dị ka ihe nlereanya nke njikwa ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na mpaghara Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka.

Iji kwado ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ bi n'ebe ahụ, Maison Shalom meghere Mahama Elite Center na 22 June 2018. Ebe ọzụzụ a dị njikere inye ọzụzụ ọrụ aka na ọrụ maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Burundi nọ n'ogige ahụ. Ọrụ ahụ ga-enyere ndị na-eto eto aka imeziwanye ọnọdụ ndụ ha kamakwa iji mee ka nkà azụmaahịa ha sikwuo ike.

Onyinye na nsọpụrụ

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Ihe odide nke Marguerite Barankitse na Burgos, Spain

Ogologo ọrụ ya, yana eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ na-echebe ụmụaka niile n'echebaraghị mmalite ha, Ndị Tutsi ma ọ bụ Ndị Hutu, wetara otuto Maggy site n'akụkụ niile nke ụwa: [23]

  • 1998: Ihe nrite nke ikike mmadụ, nke gọọmentị France nyere. - Nnwere Onwe - Ịha nhata - Ịbụ nwanne
  • 2000: Ihe nrite North-South site na Council of Europe Kansụl nke Europe
  • 2000: iko obi ike nke Africa International nyere kwa ọnwa.[24]
  • 2003: Ihe nrite ụmụaka nke ụwa maka ikike nke ụmụaka Ihe nrite ụmụaka nke ụwa maka ikike ụmụaka
  • 2004: Onyinye olu obi ike nke Kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ
  • 2004: Ihe nrite Nansen Refugee
  • 2008: Ihe nrite Opus[25][26]
  • 2008: Ihe nrite UNESCO
  • Na June 2009, Grand Duchess Maria Teresa nke Luxembourg, UNICEF Eminent Advocate for Children, gara Maison Shalom n'oge njem Burundi. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2011, Grand Duchess nabatara Marguerite Barankitse na Luxembourg iji mepee ihe ngosi foto iji kwado Maison Shalom.[27]
  • Na Nọvemba 24, 2011, Barankitse natara onyinye maka mgbochi esemokwu site n'aka Kofi Annan. [28][29] A na-enye onyinye mgbochi esemokwu kwa afọ site na Fondation Chirac, nke onye bụbu onye isi ala France bụ Jacques Chirac malitere na 2008.
  • N'afọ 2011, Barankitse natara ihe nrite ndị nta akụkọ Golden Doves for Peace nke ụlọ ọrụ Italian Research Institute Archivio Disarmo nyere. [30]
  • N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2016, e nyere Marguerite ihe nrite Aurora nke nde $ 1.1 maka Awakening Humanity, ihe nrite e nyere ndị ọrụ ebere iji cheta Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Armenia. [31][32]

Degree nsọpụrụ

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Akwụkwọ banyere Maggy na Maison Shalom

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Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Global Conflict Tracker l Council on Foreign Relations (en). Global Conflict Tracker. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  2. ↑ Shute. "Why the 'Angel of Burundi' fears her country is sliding back into genocide", The Telegraph, 2016-11-30. Retrieved on 2023-06-29. (in en-GB)
  3. ↑ Kantengwa (2017-09-03). Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life (en). The New Times. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  4. ↑ Marguerite "Maggy" Barankitse.
  5. ↑ Nekita (2017-06-04). Extraordinary Women: Celebrating Marguerite Barankitse 'Angel of Burundi' (en). Nekita ink. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  6. ↑ The Courage of Giving Refuge: Marguerite Barankitse (en-US). Contending Modernities. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  7. ↑ "La femme qui défie la haine au Burundi - Le Temps", 2005-11-04. Retrieved on 2023-06-29. (in fr)
  8. ↑ Marguerite Barankitse, l'harmonie entre les peuples (fr-FR). Psychologies.com, psychologie, mieux se connaître pour mieux vivre sa vie | Psychologies.com (2023-02-27). Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  9. ↑ Kingsley. "'Why does no one mention Burundi?' asks winner of new humanitarian award", The Guardian, 2016-06-11. Retrieved on 2023-06-29. (in en-GB)
  10. ↑ George Clooney remet le prix Aurora à la Burundaise Marguerite Barankitse (fr). RFI (2016-04-25). Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  11. ↑ Maggy et la Maison Shalom. www.peresblancs.org. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  12. ↑ Maggy Barankitse Built A Village And Saved Thousands of Children (en-US). www.africa.com (2021-03-22). Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  13. ↑ 20 ans de la Maison Shalom : « Aujourd'hui, nous célébrons la victoire de l'amour sur la haine ! ». www.iwacu-burundi.org. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  14. ↑ ActionAid International. actionaid.org. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  15. ↑ Maison des Anges le site de l'association en France pour la Maison Shalom au Burundi. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved on 2006-02-09.
  16. ↑ Burundi's Great Mother: Maggie Barankitse (en). HuffPost (2013-08-27). Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  17. ↑ MFC (2023-06-28). Les maisons d'orphelins de Maggy (fr). La Libre.be. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  18. ↑ Marguerite Barankitse, la « Maman nationale » du Burundi (fr). RFI (2014-09-12). Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  19. ↑ Situation Burundi Situation. data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  20. ↑ Marguerite Barankitse: "Cuando perdonas, curas el mundo" (es). La Vanguardia (2018-02-22). Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  21. ↑ Kantengwa (2017-09-03). Oasis of Peace: Giving Burundian refugees new lease of life (en). The New Times. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  22. ↑ Situation Burundi Situation. data2.unhcr.org. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  23. ↑ Gouby (8 August 2016). After rescuing 20,000 Burundian orphans, Marguerite Barankitse forges on in exile. Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW. Retrieved on 30 March 2017.
  24. ↑ Maggy et la Maison Shalom | Maison Shalom. archive.wikiwix.com. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  25. ↑ Laureates – Champions for Faith-Filled Change. Opus Prize. Retrieved on 12 June 2017.
  26. ↑ "$1 million humanitarian award announced in Seattle", Seattle Times, 18 November 2017. Retrieved on 12 June 2017.
  27. ↑ wort.lu | Artikel | Im Gefängnis wegen einer Ziege (2012-01-02). Archived from the original on 2012-01-02. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.
  28. ↑ Marguerite Barankitse, Laureate of the 2011 the Fondation Chirac Prize. Fondation Chirac. Retrieved on 14 May 2015.
  29. ↑ Video: Marguerite Barankitse, 2011 Laureate of the Fondation Chirac Prize. Fondation Chirac. Retrieved on 14 May 2015.
  30. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 2022-04-22. Retrieved on 2019-03-29.
  31. ↑ Gladstone. "Finalists Picked for New Prize Created in Memory of Armenian Genocide", The New York Times, 2016-03-15. Retrieved on 2023-06-29. (in en-US)
  32. ↑ A Calling to Love (en). auroraprize.com. Retrieved on 2023-06-29.