Martha Maxwell

 

Martha Ann Maxwell (née Dartt 21 Julaị 1831 - 31 Mee 1881) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ihe okike, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ahụkarị ihe. O nyere aka chọta taxidermy nke oge a. A na-ekwu na ngosipụta diorama nke Maxwell nwere mmetụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke taxidermy bụ ndị batara n'ọhịa mgbe e mesịrị, dị ka William Temple Hornaday na Carl Akeley (nna nke taxidermia nke oge a). ^[1] A mụrụ ya na Pennsylvania na 1831. ^[2] N'etiti ọtụtụ ihe ọ rụzuru, a na-eto ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ na-ahụ maka ihe okike iji nweta ma kwadebe ihe atụ nke ya.^[3] A nabatara ya na Colorado Women's Hall of Fame n'afọ 1985.

Akụkọ ndụ

Ndụ mbido

A mụrụ Maxwell Martha Dartt nye Spencer na Amy Sanford Dartt na 21 Julaị 1831 [1] na Tioga County, Pennsylvania. Nna ya nwụrụ na 1833 ma nne ya lụrụ ọzọ na 1841 na Josiah Dartt, nwa nwanne nne Spencer mbụ. Ọ bụ nne nne ya, Abigail Stanford, onye buru ụzọ kụnye ịhụnanya maka okike na Maxwell, na-akpọrọ ya gaa ije n'ime ọhịa.[3] Na 1851 Maxwell hapụrụ Oberlin College na Ohio na atụmatụ ịghọ onye nkuzi. Ọ ga-ahapụrịrị na 1852 n'ihi na ezinụlọ ya enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ. Ọ laghachiri na nne na nna ya, bụ ndị bi na Baraboo, Wisconsin mgbe ahụ.^[2]

Alụmdi na nwunye na ụmụ

Maxwell nọ na-akụzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ mgbe James Maxwell, onye ọchụnta ego Baraboo, were ya n'ọrụ na 1853 ka ọ na-elekọta ụmụ ya abụọ na Lawrence College na Wisconsin. N'ihi ọrụ ya, o kwetara ịkwụ ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ ya. Ọ nọrọ ebe ahụ ihe na-erughị otu afọ mgbe James rịọrọ ya arịrịọ. N'agbanyeghị na ọ tọrọ ya afọ iri abụọ, nwere ụmụ isii, Maxwell kwetara. Ha lụrụ na 1854 ma nwee nwa nwanyị, Mabel, na 1857. ^[2]

Mmasị na taxidermy

Ezinụlọ Maxwell nwere nbibi ego n'ụjọ nke 1857. N'ihi nke a, Maxwell na James sonyeere Colorado Gold Rush nke 1860. Ha hapụrụ nwa ha nwanyị Mabel n'aka nne na nna nne ya. Ndị Maxwells mechara biri na Nevadaville, Colorado. Mgbe James na-achụso Ngwuputa Ngwuputa, Maxwell na-asa ahụ, na-edozi ma na-esi nri achịcha iji nweta ego nke ya. O mere ego nke ya, wee zụta mmasị n'ụlọ obibi, ụfọdụ nkwuputa na-egwuputa ihe, wee zụta ụlọ osisi nwere otu ọnụ ụlọ na mbara ọzara ọwụwa anyanwụ Denver.^[3]

N'afọ 1861, ụlọ obibi ahụ gbara ọkụ, na-ahapụ Maxwell n'enweghị ụzọ ọ ga-esi nweta ego na ezinụlọ ahụ enweghị ebe obibi. Atụmatụ ahụ bụ ịkwaga n'ụlọ ahụ Maxwell zụrụ mana mgbe ha rutere ebe ahụ, ha chọpụtara na onye na-agba ọsọ na-agafe n'ụlọ ya. Ha kpọgara onye squatter n'ụlọ ikpe, mkpebi ahụ wee kwado Maxwells mana nwoke German bi n'ụlọ ha jụrụ ịpụ. Maxwell chere ka nwoke ahụ si n'ụlọ ahụ pụọ n'otu ọrụ. O wepụrụ ọnụ ụzọ ahụ n'ime oghere ahụ wee banye n'ime ụlọ ahụ wee chọta n'etiti ihe onwunwe nwoke ahụ nnụnụ na anụmanụ ndị a na-echekwa nke ọma. Onye na-azọrọ na ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ site na ọzụzụ. Maxwell gara n'ihu na-etinye ihe niile dị n'ala ahịhịa ma weghachite ihe onwunwe ya.^[3] N'oge na-adịghị anya, Maxwell degaara ndị ezinụlọ akwụkwọ na-arịọ ka e dee akwụkwọ nke ga-enyere ya aka "ịmụta otu esi echekwa nnụnụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na mba a".^[4]

Na 1862 Maxwell laghachiri Baraboo, bụ ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ taxidermy, nke otu nwoke obodo aha ya bụ Ogden kụziri.[1] Na 1868 James mere ka ọ laghachi Colorado.^[3]

Ọrụ ya na taxidermy

Mgbe Maxwell laghachiri na Colorado ọ malitere iwu nchịkọta nnụnụ na anụ mamma.[1] Ọ mere njem na Rockies ebe ọ na-achịkọta chipmunks, ụdị dị iche iche nke squirrels na nnụnụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1868, Mata akwadebewo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100 ụdị, sitere na ọkụkọ ruo n'azụ, na hummingbirds ruo ugo. A gwara ya ka o gosi ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nke Colorado Agricultural Society. Ndị bịaranụ nwere mmasị karịsịa na Maxwell kere ebe obibi zuru oke maka ụdị ọ bụla, na-eme ka ọ dị ka à ga-asị na ha ka dị ndụ. A nabatara ọrụ ya site na ihe nrite $50 na diplọma.^[3]

N'etiti afọ 1874, ọ meghere Rocky Mountain Museum ya na Boulder, Colorado na nkuku ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Broadway na Pearl Street iji gosipụta ihe atụ ya maka agụmakwụkwọ na ntụrụndụ. Akụkụ dị n'etiti ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ bụ ihe ngosi Maxwell nke ụmụ anụmanụ n'ebe obibi ha, gụnyere atụ, nnụnụ, anụ ọhịa bea, na ọdụm ugwu. Na mgbakwunye, ọ gụnyere "ìgwè ndị na-atọ ọchị" nke anụmanụ, dị ka obere ìgwè enwe nọ ọdụ gburugburu tebụl na-egwu poker, na anụmanụ dị ndụ - ụmụ anụ ọhịa bea abụọ, agwọ rattles, ugwu grouse, na squirrels.^[5]

N'inwe olile anya ịchọta nkwado ọzọ n'obodo buru ibu, Maxwell kwagara ebe ngosi nka ya na Denver ihe karịrị otu afọ ka e mesịrị.^[4] Otú ọ dị, o nweghị ike ime ka ọrụ ahụ baa uru.^[2] N'ozuzu, ọ chịkọtara ọtụtụ nnụnụ na anụ mamma gụnyere nwa ferrets nke John James Audubon kọwara ma ọ dịghị mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ahụghị ya, na Otus asio maxwelliae (Mrs. Maxwell's Owl) aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya site n'aka onye ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ bụ Robert Ridgway nke Smithsonian Institution. 1] Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ ọ bụkwa onye na-edekọ akụkọ Spencer Fullerton Baird mgbe niile. Maxwell zigara ya ụdị nnụnụ abụọ n'afọ 1874 ma nyekwa ya katalọgụ nke nnụnụ na anụ mamma.^[6]

Usoro ndị e mepụtara maka ịkpa anụ

Maxwell mepụtara ụzọ nke ya iji chekwaa ụmụ anụmanụ site n'ịkpụzi ha na plaster wee jiri akpụkpọ anụ kpuchie ebu ndị a, nke ọ chekwaara.^[6] O mechara jiri okpokoro ígwè mee ihe iji gbatịa akpụkpọ ahụ, kama ịkwa akpụkpọ ahụ ọnụ ma tinye ha, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ taxidermist mere.^[4] O kwukwara na e ji ihe ndị yiri ya na-egosi ebe obibi anụmanụ ahụ mee ihe.^[6]

Ihe ngosi Philadelphia

N'afọ 1876, a gwara Maxwell ka o mepụta ihe ngosi maka Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, nke mbụ World's Fair.^[2] Ndị kọmishọna Colorado kwetara ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nkwakọba na ibuga ihe atụ ya na Philadelphia na mmefu ndụ ya mgbe ọ nọ na Centennial. Iji kwụọ Maxwell ụgwọ maka oge ya, a ga-ekwe ka ọ chekwaa ego site na ire ihe ọ bụla na foto nke onwe ya na ngosipụta ya.^[4]O mepụtara diorama ebe obibi dị mgbagwoju anya nke gụnyere anụmanụ taxidermy (nke ọ chụpụrụ ma tinyekwa ya), mmiri pọmpụ, na ụfọdụ nkịta prairie dị ndụ.[1] A na-eche na ihe ngosi a bụ nke mbụ ụdị ya.[1] Ngosipụta a bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị ewu ewu na mmemme bịara mba ụwa[2] ma ndị nta akụkọ kpuchiri ya nke ukwuu.[1] Ngosipụta a bụ ihe ewu ewu nke ukwuu nke na ụlọ ọrụ na-ese foto nke ngosi ihe ngosi ahụ, Centennial Photographic Company, enweghị ike imegide ihe onyonyo a na-achọ. Mgbe Maxwell mere mbipụta foto nke ihe oyiyi ha wee malite ire ha, Otú ọ dị, ndị isi manyere ya ịkwụsị.^[4]

Stereograph nke ngosi Rocky Mountain, Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition, Centennial Photographic Company

O doro anya na ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa Centennial chọrọ idobe ihe ngosi Maxwell na-ewu ewu. Maxwell ahaziela ụmụ anụmanụ na nnụnụ ndị sitere na mpaghara ala dị larịị ma n'ugwu ka ha bụrụ ọnọdụ okike. Buffalo na elk na-agbagharị n'ofe dị larịị ebe anụ ọhịa bea, ọdụm ugwu na obere ihe e kere eke nọ n'etiti nkume ndị ahụ, nke ọ bụla n'ebe dị elu na-egosi ịdị elu ebe a na-ahụ ya. Dị ka ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke Colorado, ihe ngosi Centennial Maxwell gosipụtara ma ụdị taxidermy na obere anụmanụ dị ndụ.^[4]

Nsogbu ego

N'ime afọ ndị sochiri Centennial, Martha Maxwell nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ ego. Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ nke ihe atụ ya, gụnyere otu na Washington, D.C. na 1876, enwetaghị nlebara anya dị ukwuu. ^[4] [9] N'afọ 1879, Maxwell kwagara n'ọnụ ụlọ dị na mpaghara Williamsburg nke Brooklyn, New York na 1880, meghere ụlọ / ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na Rockaway Beach, na-enye ịsa ahụ yana ngosipụta nke nchịkọta ya. [10][11]

N'Ala Dị Larịị, Na N'etiti Ugwu

Mgbe Centennial gasịrị, Maxwell so nwanne ya nwanyị Mary Dartt rụkọrọ ọrụ iji bipụta akaụntụ nke ọrụ taxidermy Maxwell. N'Ala Larịị, na n'etiti ọnụ ọnụ ugwu; ma ọ bụ, Olee otú Oriakụ Maxwell siri mee mkpokọta akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na 1879 site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ Philadelphia nke Claxton, Remsen na Haffelfinger. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma, ọ bụghị ihe ịga nke ọma nke ego.^[7]

Ọnwụ na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị

Maxwell nwụrụ na Rockaway Beach, Queens, New York na 31 Mee 1881 nke etuto ovarian.[13]

Mgbe ọnwụ Maxwell gasịrị, nwa ya nwanyị mere nkwekọrịta na J.P. Haskins na Saratoga Springs, New York iji gosipụta na / ma ọ bụ ree nchịkọta ahụ. E gosipụtara nchịkọta ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro mana etinye ya n'ebe nchekwa. N'ụzọ dị mwute, e wepụghị ya nke ọma ma iberibe ya malitere ịtọgbọrọ. N'afọ 1920, nwanne nwanyị Maxwell, Mary, gbalịrị iweghachite nchịkọta ahụ ma mee atụmatụ inye ọrụ na Mahadum Colorado. Otú ọ dị, iberibe ndị ahụ emeela agadi nke ukwuu ma ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla bara uru ichekwa.^[3]Ụfọdụ n'ime anụmanụ ndị Maxwell chịkọtara ka dị na nchịkọta nke ụlọ ọrụ sayensị, gụnyere Bell Museum.

Akwụkwọ

• Bateman (2024). "Martha Maxwell on the Frontier of Colorado, Modern Taxidermy and 'Women's Work"' in Gender and Animals in History: Yearbook of Women’s History 42 (edited by Sandra Swart). Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789048565283. 
• Benson (1986). Martha Maxwell, Rocky Mountain naturalist. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803261551. 
• Bonta (1995). American Women Afield: Writings by Pioneering Women Naturalists. College Station: Texas A & M University. ISBN 0890966346. 
• [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] On the Plains, and Among the Peaks; ma ọ bụ, Otu Oriakụ Maxwell si mee Nchịkọta Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme Ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Julie McCown Louisville, CO: University Press of Colorado.   ISBN 9781646421961
• Oakes (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1438118826. 

Edensibia

1. Robert Marbury (2014). Taxidermy Art: A Rogue's Guide to the Work, the Culture, and How to Do It Yourself. Artisan. ISBN 978-1-57965-558-7. 
2. Oakes (2007). Encyclopedia of World Scientists, Rev., New York: Facts on File Science Library, 494–495. ISBN 978-1438118826. Retrieved on 11 March 2015.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "New York 2007" defined multiple times with different content
3. Kelly. Martha Ann Maxwell (1831-1881): Naturalist and Taxidermist. America comes alive. Retrieved on 11 March 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "America alive 2015" defined multiple times with different content
4. Weatherwax. Martha Maxwell's Exhibit at Philadelphia's Centennial Exposition in 1876. The Library Company of Philadelphia. Archived from the original on 2019-08-23. Retrieved on 11 March 2015. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Library Company" defined multiple times with different content
5. Benson, Maxine. (1986). Martha Maxwell, Rocky Mountain naturalist. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803261551. OCLC 42462651. 
6. Bonta (1995). American Women Afield: Writings by Pioneering Women Naturalists, 1st, College Station: Texas A&M university press, 33–44. ISBN 978-0-89096-634-1. Retrieved on 11 March 2015.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Texas 1995" defined multiple times with different content
7. Thompson (2021). On the plains, and among the peaks : or, how Mrs. Maxwell made her natural history collection, Julie McCown. ISBN 978-1-64642-197-8. OCLC 1262691124.