Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ izi ihe mbụ

Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ izi ihe mbụ
alphabet
Oge/afọ mmalite1959 Dezie
aha mkpirisiITA Dezie
Onye nchepụtaJames Pitman Dezie

The Initial Teaching Alphabet ('i.t.a.' ma ọ bụ i.t.a.) bụ ụdị nke mkpụrụedemede Latin nke Sir James Pitman (nwa nwa Sir Isaac Pitman, onye mepụtara usoro mkpirisi) mepụtara na mbido afọ 1960. Ebumnuche ya abụghị ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụedemede phonetic nke ụda Bekee, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe mkpụrụedemede maka Bekee dị ka nke a, kama ọ bụ usoro ederede dị mfe nke enwere ike iji kụziere ụmụaka na-asụ Bekee ịgụ ihe n'ụzọ dị mfe karịa ka enwere ike iji orthography ọdịnala mee. Mgbe ụmụaka mụtara ịgụ ihe site na iji I.T.A., ha ga-emesị gaa n'ihu ịmụ mkpụrụ okwu Bekee. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwetara ụfọdụ ewu ewu na 1960s, ọ adaala n'iji ya eme ihe.

Nkọwa

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I.T.A. nwere akara 43 na mbụ, nke gbasaa ruo 44, mgbe ahụ 45. Ihe nnọchianya ọ bụla na-anọchite anya otu ụda Bekee (gụnyere affricates na diphthongs), mana enwere mgbagwoju anya n'ihi ọchịchọ izere ime ka I.T.A. dị iche na mkpụrụedemede Bekee (nke ga-eme ka mgbanwe site na I.T'A. gaa na mkpụrụedemhe siri ike), na iji nọchite anya ọtụtụ pronunciations ma ọ bụ dialects Bekee. Karịsịa, enweghi akara I.T.A. dị iche iche maka ụda schwa na-enweghị nrụgide [ə], a na-ejikwa otu mkpụrụedemede eji dee ụdaume zuru ezu. E nwekwara ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche e si ede [ɪ]/[i] na ụdaume ndị a na-eme ka ha bụrụ [tʃ], [dʒ], [ʃ], [ʒ] site na nsonaazụ. A na-eji mkpụrụedemede abụọ ma ọ bụ "ck", "tch" wdg dee usoro n'usoro mkpụrụedemede dị mma na ọtụtụ akara na I.T.A.

Ihe nnọchianya I.T.A. gụnyere mkpụrụedemede jikọtara ọnụ (typographical ligatures) iji dochie mkpụrụedemede abụọ "wh", "sh", na "ch" nke ederede omenala, yana njikọ maka ọtụtụ ụdaume ogologo. E nwere njikọ abụọ dị iche iche maka ụda olu na nke a na-ekwughị okwu na Bekee, na mkpụrụedemede pụrụ iche maka "ng" nke yiri ŋ na loop. E nwere ụdị dị iche iche nke "r" na njedebe nke mkpụrụedemede, nke na-adịghị ekwu okwu na ụda olu ndị na-abụghị nke rhotic dị ka Received Pronunciation mana ọ bụghị na ụda olu rhotic dị ka General American na Scots English (nke a bụ akara nke 44 agbakwunyere na I.T.A.).

Enwere ụda bekee abụọ nke ọ bụla nwere ihe karịrị otu I.T.A. leta nke isi ọrụ ya bụ ide ha. Ya mere, ma e dere ụda [k] na mkpụrụedemede "c" ma ọ bụ "k" na I.T.A. dabere na Otu esi ede ụda n'asụsụ Bekee ọkọlọtọ, yana ma e ji mkpụrụedemede "z" nkịtị dee ụda [z] ma ọ bụ jiri mkpụrụedemede "z" pụrụ iche (nke na-edochi "s" nke ọkọlọtọ mkpoputa ebe ọ na-anọchi anya ụda a na-ekwu, nke na-ahụ anya yikwara ụdị akụkụ nke mkpụrụedemede "s"). Azụ azụ "z" pụtara nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ụdị aha na mmadụ atọ ụdị ngwaa dị ugbu a (gụnyere bụ). [k] [z]

Onye ọ bụla nke I.T.A. mkpụrụedemede nwere aha, mkpọpụta ya gụnyere ụda nke agwa ahụ pụtara. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, aha mkpụrụedemede "z" azụ bụ "zess".

E kere ụdị mkpụrụ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ITA, onye odide ya niile dị obere (ụdị mkpụrụedemede ya dabere na ụdị Didone dị ka Monotype Modern na Century Schoolbook). Ebe a na-eji mkpụrụedemede ukwu na mkpoputa ọkọlọtọ, I.T.A. jiri naanị obere mkpụrụedemede buru ibu nke otu mkpụrụedemede obere. Chaatị na-esonụ na-egosi mkpụrụedemede nke ụdị 44 nke I.T.A., nke nwere isi ịkpọpụta mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla nke akara mkpụrụedemede nke International Phonetic Alphabet gosipụtara n'okpuru:

Chaatị ITA bụ isi

Rịba ama na a na-eme "d" ka ọ dị iche na "b" karịa ka ọ na-adị na ụdị ụdịdị ọkọlọtọ.

Mgbe e mesịrị, agbakwunyere akara 45 iji nabata mgbanwe ụda olu, ụdị nke ide ụda olu. N'ime ntọala izizi, ejiri "nko a" ma ọ bụ "ụlọ okpukpu abụọ a" (a) mee ihe maka ụdaume na "cat" (lexical set TRAP), na "gburugburu a" ma ọ bụ "otu-storey a" (ɑ) maka ụda na "nna" (lexical set PALM). Mana usoro okwu bath (okwu ndị dị ka "kama", "egwu", na "ọkara") ụkpụrụ nwere nkwụ n'ụfọdụ ụda gụnyere Anatara ịkpọ okwu, mana ọ nwere TRAP na ndị ọzọ gụnyere General American. Ya mere e chepụtara agwa ọhụrụ, "half-hook a", iji zere mkpa ọ dị imepụta ihe nkuzi dị iche iche. maka ndị na-ekwu okwu nke ụda olu dị iche iche.

Ajụ

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Uru ọ bụla nke I.T.A. n'ime ka ọ dịrị ụmụaka mfe ịmụta ịgụ Bekee na-abụkarị nke ụmụaka ụfọdụ na-enweghị ike ịnyefe I.T-A.- ọgụgụ ha n'ụzọ dị irè na ịgụ orthography Bekee, ma ọ bụ na-agbagwoju anya n'ozuzu site na ịnagide mkpụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ha na-agụ. Ụzọ ndị ọzọ (dị ka ijikọta ụda na agba, nke mere na dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe mkpụrụedemede "c" na-ede ụda [k], a ga-eji otu agba na-acha ya dịka mkpụrụedemede ""k", mana mgbe "c" dere ụda [s] enwere ike ịcha ya dị ka "s", dịka na Okwu na agba na agba na-agụ akụkọ) achọpụtara na ọ nwere ụfọdụ uru nke I.T.A. na-enweghị ọtụtụ ọghọm. [1]Ọ bụ ezie na I.T.A. ebughị n'obi na mbụ iji kwuo otu ụzọ isi kụzie ọgụgụ, a na-ejikarị usoro phonics amata ya, mgbe afọ 1960 gasịrị, pendulum nke nkuzi gbanwere site na phonics.

Ndị I.T.A. foduru mmasị na nkparita uka banyere mgbanwe enwere ike nke nsụpe bekee. Enweela mbọ itinye akwụkwọ I.T.A. iji naanị mkpụrụedemede enwere ike ịhụ na typewriter Ahụigodo ma ọ bụ na ntọala mkpụrụedemede ASCII, iji zere iji akara pụrụ iche. . .

Hụkwa

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  • Tebụl ụda mbụ
  • International Phonetic Alphabet
  • Mkpụrụ okwu e chepụtara echepụta
  • Phonics
  • Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Shavian
  • Unifon

Ihe odide

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  • Nnyocha nke mkpụrụ akwụkwọ nkuzi mbụ: Nnyocha banyere mmetụta nke orthography Bekee na mmụta ịgụ na ide site na John Downing na William Latham (1967).  
  1. ↑ J. K Jones (1968). "Comparing i.t.a. with Colour Story Reading". Educ Res 10 (3). DOI:10.1080/0013188680100308.  J. K Jones (1970). Interim results in the Colour Story reading experiment, J. C. Daniels (editor). 

Njikọ mpụga

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