National Museum of African Art

  

National Museum of African Art bụ ụlọ ngosi nka Africa nke Smithsonian Institution, nke dị na National Mall nke Isi obodo United States. Nchịkọta ya gụnyere ọrụ 9,000 nke ọdịnala na nke oge a nke Africa site na Sub-Saharan na North Africa, foto 300,000, na mpịakọta ọbá akwụkwọ 50,000. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ raara onwe ya nye nka Africa na United States ma bụrụkwa nnukwu nchịkọta. The Washington Post kpọrọ ebe ngosi nka ahụ ihe dị mkpa n'ụwa nka mba ụwa na isi ebe maka nka Africa nke oge a na United States.

Onye guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1964 bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ Foreign Service na Capitol Hill. Nchịkọta ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nka ọdịnala Afrịka na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ iji kụzie ihe nketa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. Iji hụ na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ga-adị ogologo oge, onye guzobere ya gbara ndị Congress ume ka ha nabata ebe ngosi ihe nkiri ahụ n'okpuru nkwado Smithsonian. Ọ sonyeere Smithsonian na 1979 wee ghọọ National Museum of African Art afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. E wuchara ụlọ ngosi nka ọhụrụ, nke dị n'okpuru ala na 1987, n'akụkụ National Mall na n'akụkụ ụlọ ngosi nka Smithsonian ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime obere ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Smithsonian.

Ebe ngosi nka nke Afrịka weere ntụziaka ndị ọkà mmụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ sochirinụ, na obere mmemme mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ọ chịkọtara ọrụ ọdịnala na nke oge a nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mkpa. Ihe ngosi na agụnye ma ọrụ dị n'ime ma ndị a gbazitere ma malite na ndị na ese ihe n'onwe ha ruo ihe ngosi nyocha sara mbara. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na akwado ihe ngosi nwa oge abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ na ihe omume iri pụrụ iche kwa afọ. Nchịkọta kachasị mma maka aha ya bụ NMAfA.

 

Na ngwụcha afọ 1950, onye Ọrụ Mba Ọzọ nke America bụ Warren M. Robbins zụrụ ihe osise iri atọ na abụọ nke African Art n'ụlọ ahịa ochie dị nso na Hamburg, Germany. N'afọ 1963, o guzobere Center for Cross Cultural Communication, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na enweghị uru na ebe ọdịnala. N'afọ 1964, ụlọ Frederick Douglass dị na Capitol Hill batara n'ahịa. Robbins tinyere ego ya niile n'ime ego maka ọkara nke ọnụahịa ịzụta ma nweta ụgwọ maka ndị ọzọ. Ego nke Center for Cross Cultural Communication nwetara mere ka Robbins nwee ike ịchọta Museum of African Art.

E guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na 1964 dị ka Museum of African Art, [1][2] na ihe ngosi mbụ ya nwere nchịkọta na mpụga abụọ. [3] N'okpuru ọchịchị Robbins, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ lekwasịrị anya na nka ọdịnala Afrịka na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya iji kụzie ihe nketa ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka ebe nzukọ maka ndị nwere mmasị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị agbụrụ America, n'ikwekọ na mgbalị Black Arts Movement nke 1960s na 1970s iji gbanwee echiche ndị America banyere ọdịbendị Africa.[4] Robbins zoro aka na ebe ngosi nka ya dị ka " ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nwere ebe ngosi nka". [5] Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 1976, ebe ngosi nka nke Afrịka nwere ndị ọrụ 20, nchịkọta ihe 6,000, Robbins gara Afrịka na nke mbụ ya.[3][3]

Ebe izizi ihe ngosi nka dị na Capitol Hill

Iji hụ na ihe ngosi nka ahụ ga adị ogologo oge, Robbins gbara ndị omeiwu mba (Congress) ume ka ha tinye ihe ngosi nka ya n'ime Smithsonian Institution, otu ụlọ ngosi nka na ebe nyocha nke gọọmentị etiti. Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya kwadoro atụmatụ a na 1978 site na nkwado nke ndị nnọchite anya John Brademas, Lindy Boggs, Ron Dellums, ndị Black Caucus, na onye bụbu osote onye isi ala Hubert Humphrey.[3] Ndị nduzi Smithsonian nabatara ebe ngosi nka ahụ n'afọ sochirinụ [1] wee malite atụmatụ ịkwaga nchịkọta ahụ site n'ụlọ ndị dị n'obodo gaa n'ebe ngosi nka kwesịrị ekwesị. [6] N'afọ 1981, a gbanwere aha ebe ngosi nka ahụ ka ọ bụrụ National Museum of African Art . [7][5]

Na mbido afọ 1983, Sylvia Williams ghọrọ onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ. Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, Smithsonian malitere ụlọ ọhụrụ, nke a raara nye maka ebe ngosi nka Africa na National Mall. Ihe owuwu ahụ dị n'okpuru ala ma gbasaa ebe ngosi nka [1] mgbe emeghe ya na Septemba 1987. [6][3][2] Ka oge na aga, echiche banyere nka Africa gbanwere site na mmasị ethnographic gaa na ọmụmụ nke ihe ọdịnala maka ọrụ aka na ihe mara mma ha.[4] Williams weere usoro mmụta, onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma chụsoo ihe ndị dị ize ndụ, ihe ndị dị oke ọnụ tupu e dozie ụkpụrụ ha kachasị mma.[4] Nchịkọta ahụ gbasaa n'ime ọrụ na ọrụ nke oge a site na Arab North Africa, karịa ọdịnala Sub-Saharan.[4] Onye guzobere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ katọrọ ntụziaka a ma chee na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-eleghara ọrụ ọha na eze ya anya maka "agụmakwụkwọ dị omimi". [8]

Mgbe ọnwụ Williams na 1996, onye nlekọta Roslyn Walker jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi site na 1997 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2002. [4][9][10][8] Walker gara n'ihu na ntụziaka nke onye bu ya ụzọ ma gbakwunye ụlọ ngosi nka nke oge a raara onwe ya nye na onye nlekọta.[4] O mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ mmepe, nke nwetara ego maka mmezigharị ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na mbido afọ 2000.[10] Sharon Patton, onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Oberlin College's Allen Memorial Art Museum, jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi n'etiti afọ 2003 na 2008.[11][12] Ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ na elekwasị anya n'ụmụaka na mkpesa nke ndị ndụmọdụ n'elu ndị isi Smithsonian.[12][12]

Johnnetta Cole, onye ọkà mmụta banyere mmadụ na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Spelman na Bennett College, ghọrọ onye nduzi nke ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na 2009. Oge ya jikọtara ya na ihe ngosi 2015 na-arụrịta ụka nke na-egosi ọrụ sitere na nchịkọta nzuzo nke Bill Cosby na-atọ ọchị dị nnọọ ka ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ya ghọrọ ọha. Cole lara ezumike nká na Machị 2017 ma onye na-eme ihe nkiri Britain, ọkà mmụta na onye nlekọta Gus Casely-Hayford nọchiri anya ya na February 2018.


N'afọ 2021, onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie Ngaire Blankenberg ghọrọ onye nduzi.[13][14] N'afọ 2022, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ weghachiri ọla nchara Benin 29 na Naịjirịa.[15] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ hụrụ mbelata dị ịrịba ama na ndị bịara ma mee atụmatụ inye onyinye, yana ndị ọrụ na ndị ndụmọdụ. Blankenberg kwụsịrị ịbụ onye nduzi na Machị 2023.

E mere ndokwa maka imezigharị ihe ngosi nka ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ Smithsonian's South Mall malite na 2014, mana atụmatụ ndị ahụ mechara belata.[16]

Nchịkwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ka ọ na erule ngwụcha afọ 2000, The Washington Post dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na alụ ọgụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, mmefu ego dị ala, ebe zoro ezo, na mgbanwe ndị isi.[17] Afọ iri atọ mgbe ọ sonyere na Smithsonian, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ka bụ otu n'ime ebe ngosi ihe ochie kachasị nta n'ime ụlọ ahụ, ya na ndị ọbịa 213,000 na 2016 - ihe dị ka ọkara nke ọnụ ọgụgụ 2009 na ihe na erughị otu pasent nke ndị ọbịa Smithsonian 28 kwa afọ.[18] Nke a bụ n'ihi, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, ebe ọ dị, nke zoro na National Mall site na ụlọ ọrụ Smithsonian Institution mbụ, nke a maara dị ka Castle.[12] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nleta agbanweela n'etiti 200,000 na 400,000 kemgbe afọ 2000, na n'etiti afọ 2000, ha yiri ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị n'okpuru ala, Sackler Gallery . [12][13] Mmefu ego kwa afọ nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ agbanweela site na $ 4.3 nde (ọgwụgwụ afọ 1990) ruo $ 6 nde (n'etiti afọ 2000), ma bụrụ $ 5 nde na 2016.[9][12][18] Site na ntụnyere, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ 34 na 2016, site na 48 na ngwụcha afọ 1990. [13][8] Mgbe Blankenberg nọ n'ọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ dara n'okpuru 20. Dị ka ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ na afọ 2000, ebe ngosi ihe ochie ahụ achọtala ego na onyinye onwe onye.[4] Ọ nọ n'azụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke Smithsonian na mkpọsa nchịkọta ego, nke a na-atụ anya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ga akwụ ihe dị ka $ 2.1 nde. Na ngwụcha afọ 2016, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ mere nri abalị mbụ ya kwa afọ maka ihe karịrị ndị ọbịa 500.[13][18]

Nlegharị anya nke quadrangle anọ, na Sackler Gallery (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) , Enid A. Haupt Garden na Smithsonian Institution Building (n'etiti) , na ebe ngosi nka Africa (n'ebe aka nri) [7] (n'akụkụ aka nri)

Ihe owuwu ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke National Mall malitere n'etiti 1983. Ihe oru ngo a, nke gunyere Sackler Gallery maka nka nka nke Smithsonian's Asia, mebere oghere ihe ngosi 368,000 square n'onu nke $ 73.2 nde, nke ọkara nke sitere na gọọmentị etiti. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụ ụlọ a niile ka emebere n'okpuru ala ka ọ ghara imetụta ụlọ ụlọ Smithsonian Institution Building (Ụlọ Castle), ahịhịa ndụ ya, ma ọ bụ echiche ya. Ụlọ Smithsonian Castle na-ezobe ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na South Quadrangle site na National Mall, bụ nke nyere aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe nkiri Ụlọ Ahịa ndị ọzọ. Onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ngo quadrangle bụ Jean-Paul Carlhian nke Shepley, Bulfinch, Richardson & Abbott, dabere na echiche Junzō Yoshimura. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka ọhụrụ abụọ ahụ nwere obere aka na nhazi ụlọ ndị e depụtara na 1970 tupu ha abata.


E wuru ụlọ nka Africa na ụlọ Sackler dị ka ụlọ akụkọ, nke ọ bụla nwere otu okpukpu n'elu ala ma nwee ohere ngosi yiri ya: gallery ise nke ọ bụla, na naanị otu nwere ìhè okike. A na ekewa ha site na ihe ịchọ mma ha n'elu ụlọ: ụlọ elu dị n'ụlọ nka Africa na pyramids na Sackler. [6] E ji granite na acha ọbara ọbara wuo ụlọ nka Afrịka ma jiri ọdịdị okirikiri dị ka isiokwu ụlọ ya, ya na windo dị gburugburu, steepụ ọnụ ụzọ dị gburugburu, na okpukpu isii dị gburugburu n'elu ụlọ ya. N'ime, a na ahụ ogige limestone n'ihu. Ụlọ nzukọ steepụ na agbagọ agbagọ na eduga ndị ọbịa na steepụ ndị na agbadata na gallery. Ụlọ ngosi ahụ buru ibu ma bụrụ nke ndị na emepụta ihe ngosi na eme ka ọ bụrụ obere ụlọ iji kwekọọ na obere ihe.[19] A na ahụ ụlọ ndị ahụ site na Independence Avenue, na Enid A. Haupt Garden ọhụrụ na aga n'etiti ha na Smithsonian Institution Building. [6][22] N'okpuru ala, ebe ngosi nka na ọfịs na anọ na ọkwa abụọ mbụ. Ọkwa nke atọ na akwado ihe ngosi na ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ. A na ejikọta ọkwa ya site na ogige nwere okpukpu atọ nke nwere nnukwu oghere dị n'ime ogige ndị dị n'elu, site na ọtụtụ ụkwụ nke unyi. [22][6] A rụzigharịrị ụlọ ahụ na mbido afọ 2000 site na onyinye dị ukwuu sitere n'aka Eastman Kodak.[9]

E mere ndokwa maka imezigharị ihe ngosi nka ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ $ 2 ijeri Smithsonian South Mall. Atụmatụ sitere n'aka ndị na ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Denmark, Bjarke Ingels Group, ga eji ụzọ mbata ọhụrụ na eche ihu n'ụlọ ahịa dochie anya ụlọ elu dị n'elu ala. Ebumnuche imezigharị ahụ bụ ka itinye ego nke onwe na nke gọọmentị etiti kwado ya ma na-atụ anya ịmalite na 2016 ma mechaa n'ime afọ 10 ruo 20.[20] A kagbuola atụmatụ ndị a na 2021 mgbe a rụzigharịrị ọrụ mmezigharị South Mall.[16]

E debere Yinka Shonibare's Wind Sculpture VII na ngosi na adịgide adịgide n'èzí ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ngwụcha afọ 2016.[21]

Nchịkọta

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Onye ọkachamara na-akwadebe ihe ngosi na 1987.

National Museum of African Art bụ ụlọ ọrụ mbụ a raara nye nka Africa na United States, nke Center for African Art (nke bụzi The African Center) sochiri na 1984.[6][22] Nchịkọta nke National Museum buru ibu karị. Ka ọ na erule afọ 2008, ọ nwere ihe 9,000 na foto 300,000. Ihe ndị ahụ sitere na ihe a tụrụ atụ na ihe nkpuchi nke narị afọ nke iri na ise ruo na nka nke oge a, foto ndị ahụ gụnyere onyinye dị ukwuu sitere n'aka ndị nta akụkọ foto Eliot Elisofon na Constance Stuart Larrabee. Elisofon kpuchiri ihe omume ndị dị mkpa na narị afọ nke 20 maka Life, na Larrabee kpuchiri Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ na Ndụ South Africa. [4] Ka ọ na erule afọ 2004, ebe ngosi nka ahụ nwere ihe osise 400 nke oge a.[4] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na anakọta ihe maka ojiji ọdịnala ha na ụkpụrụ mara mma, ma na enweta nkezi nke onyinye 67 kwa afọ. [6][23] Obosara nke nchịkọta ya na ihe ngosi pụrụ iche mere ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ bụrụ "ike siri ike n'ụwa nka mba ụwa" na isi ebe maka nka Africa nke oge a na United States, dị ka The Washington Post si kwuo.[4][4]

Ka ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwagara na National Mall n'etiti afọ 1980, nchịkọta ya na adịgide adịgide nwere ihe karịrị ihe nka 6,000 (dịka, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ihe ochie, akwa) na nnukwu nchịkọta foto Elisofon.[1] Nchịkọta mbụ a lekwasịrị anya na Sub-Saharan Africa, [1] na nnọchiteanya ka mma nke Ụsọ oké osimiri Guinea na Western Sudan karịa mpaghara Central Africa.[24]="mwARM" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 27;">[27] Nchịkọta ahụ bụ ihe pụrụ iche, na-egosipụta enweghị ihe osise nke oge ọchịchị ndị Africa na nchịkọta ndị America. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị mkpa nke ihe ngosi nka ahụ gụnyere spoon ọdụ́ Edo-Portuguese na ihe nkedo ọla edo Akan nke Robert Woods Bliss nyere. Mmefu ego mbụ nke ihe ngosi nka ahụ bịara site na isonyere Smithsonian.[5]

N'ime afọ iri, nchịkọta ahụ agbasaala ruo ihe ọdịnala na nke oge a 7,000 site n'ofe Afrịka niile.[10] N'okpuru ọchịchị Walker, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ gbasaa ihe osise ya nke oge a, na emeghe gallery na adịgide adịgide na 1997. N'afọ ahụ, onye na ese foto Constance Stuart Larrabee nyere ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie foto 3,000 sitere na South Africa.[9] N'afọ 2005, ebe ngosi nka ahụ natara Walt Disney-Tishman Collection nke ọrụ 525 na agbasa ọtụtụ ụdị nka Africa na ọdịbendị 75.[25] Nchịkọta ahụ bụ nkwenye nke ọnọdụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ, nyere ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na asọ mpi maka nchịkọta ahụ.[17] Ọbá akwụkwọ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ toro mgbe ọ sonyeere Smithsonian, site na mpịakọta 3,000 ruo 30,000 na nka anya, anthropology, nri, akụkọ ihe mere eme, okpukpe, na njem, ọkachasị ọrụ ndị e bipụtara n'Africa.[4] Ọ nwere mpịakọta 50,000 ugbu a.[26]

Na Machị 2022, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwupụtara atụmatụ ịlaghachi Naijiria 39 Benin Bronzes nke e weghaara n'oge Njem Benin nke 1897. A ga egosi ihe ndị a na National Museum of Benin na Benin City.[27]

Ihe ngosi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

Karen Milbourne

Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwadoro ihe ngosi 130 pụrụ iche n'ime afọ 25 mbụ ya, [28] ma kemgbe ọ sonyeere Smithsonian, ọ na akwado ihe ngosi abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ kwa afọ.[4] N'afọ ndị Smithsonian, a na agbazinye ihe ngosi nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, dịka site na Renee na Chaim Gross Foundation. Na mbido '80s, ndị na elekọta ya haziri ihe ngosi "focus" nke na elekwasị anya n'otu ihe site na nchịkọta ahụ. Ihe ngosi nka ahụ kwadoro ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ngosi n'èzí na ihe ngosi ndị na agagharị agagharị. Ihe ngosi ya ghọrọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ka mmekọrịta ihe ngosi ya na mmefu ego ya na eto eto. N'oge mmeghe nke ụlọ ngosi National Mall, ihe ngosi nka ahụ gosipụtara ọrụ 375 na ihe ngosi ise dị n'ime obere na mpaghara ise na otu isiokwu. Ihe ngosi etiti, "African" ihe ngosi nka ndị dị otú ahụ na egosi ihe ngosi nka nke ndụ ha na Mgbasa ozi ndị dị iche iche iche iche na Mgbe ndị dị iche na egosi site na egosi na Mmekọrịta ihe ngosi nka na-M". Ihe ngosi nka ndị ọzọ na Megide ndị dị iche. Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi nka Europe.[5] Ihe ngosi atọ fọdụrụnụ dị obere: akwa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka, ihe a tụrụ atụ nke Benin, na ihe ndị e ji ọla kọpa mee, na ihe bara uru dị ka nkata, ntutu isi, na igbe snuff.[24] A họọrọ ihe ngosi ndị ahụ iji chee echiche nke nka Afrịka ihu dị ka "ihe na egosipụta, ememe, na ... na enweghị akwụkwọ", ma gosipụta echiche ndị a na-eleghara anya na echiche ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ na nka Afrịka. [6]

N'ime afọ Walker - ngwụcha afọ 1990 na mmalite afọ 2000 - ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwadoro ihe ngosi na nka oge a nke Ijipt na akwa Malagasy. Onyinye 1997 sitere n'aka onye na ese foto Constance Stuart Larrabee dugara n'ihe ngosi n'ime ụlọ na njem.[9] Walker haziri ihe ngosi nke onye na ese ihe Yoruba Olowe nke Ise na 1998, ihe atụ a na adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe ngosi nka Africa nke otu onye. Ndepụta nke ihe ngosi ahụ bụ nke mbụ dị otú ahụ maka onye na ese ihe ọdịnala Afrịka.[29] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ emeela ihe ngosi onwe onye maka ndị na ese ihe gụnyere Sokari Douglas Camp (1989) na Yinka Shonibare (2010). [30][31][32] Ihe ngosi ndị e mere maka ụmụaka, dị ka "Playful Performers", dọtara ìgwè mmadụ n'okpuru nduzi Patton n'etiti afọ 2000, dị ka "Akụ̀" gosipụtara site na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka na nleta ndị omenkà.[12] Ihe ngosi nke afọ 2004, "Insights", gosipụtara ọrụ 30 gbasara Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ South Africa site na nchịkọta ya.[33] N'afọ 2013, ebe ngosi nka ahụ natara onyinye ya kachasị ukwuu, $ 1.8 nde site na Oman, maka usoro nke na elekwasị anya na nka sitere na mba ahụ na njikọ ya na ọdịbendị dị na Near East.[34]

2015 "Conversations: African and African American Artworks in Dialogue", nke gosipụtara ọrụ sitere na nchịkọta onwe onye nke Bill na Camille Cosby, ghọrọ esemokwu maka imeghe dịka ebubo nke mwakpo mmekọahụ megide ya ghọrọ nke ọha. Onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na Cosbys nwere ọbụbụenyi ogologo oge Camille nọdụrụ na bọọdụ ndụmọdụ nke ebe ngosi ihe ochie ahụ. Ihe ngosi ahụ nwetara ego site na onyinye $ 716,000 sitere na Cosbys ma mee atụmatụ ịdọrọ uche gaa na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie maka ncheta afọ 50 ya. Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ebubo na abawanye, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ ghọtara mkpesa ọha na eze megide ihe ngosi ahụ site n'ịmepụta ihe ịrịba ama nke kwetara ebubo ahụ ma lekwasị anya na ndị na ese ihe na ọrụ nka nke ihe ngosi ahụ, nke ka dị na ngosi ahụ.[18] Onye na enyocha nka na ihe owuwu nke Washington Post bụ Philip Kennicott dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ mebiri ụkpụrụ omume ma mebie aha ya site n'igosi nchịkọta onwe onye nke a na ekwesịghị nkwa na ebe ngosi ahụ. Kennicott mara aka ma ndị na ese ihe nke nchịkọta mkpụrụ ndụ na acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Cosby ga abụrịrị "ịgbachi nkịtị" site na ịkwụsị ihe ngosi ahụ n'oge.[35]

Mgbasa ozi

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Art Museum to Bid the Hill Adieu", The New York Times, 1983-06-21.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Warren M. Robbins (1923–2008). Artforum (2008-12-08). Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved on 2024-05-26.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "African Art, by Way of Germany", The New York Times, 1987-09-02.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "African Beauty: At 40, Museum Updates Its Look", 2004-08-13. A shorter, non-paywalled version is available via the Los Angeles Times as "An African art museum less traveled", 2004-08-25.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Àtụ:Cite conference
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Beneath Smithsonian, Debut for 2 Museums", The New York Times, 1987-09-08.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 (1987) "The National Museum of African Art: Opening September 1987". African Arts 20 (4): 28–37. DOI:10.2307/3336631. ISSN 0001-9933. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "African Art Curator to Head Museum; Roslyn Walker Pledges To Broaden Scope, Outreach", 1997-01-16.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "African Art Museum Chief Retires; Roslyn Walker Cites Health Concerns", 2002-05-09.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Africa Museum Director", The New York Times, 1997-01-18.
  11. ↑ "Smithsonian Names Sharon Patton to Lead African Art Museum", 2003-01-15.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 "African Art Museum to Lose Director; Patton Joins Long List of Smithsonian Departures", 2008-05-17.
  13. ↑ Smithsonian Names Ngaire Blankenberg Director of the National Museum of African Art. si.edu. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved on 8 January 2022.
  14. ↑ Boucher. "The Smithsonian National Museum of African Art's Director Has Resigned After Less Than Two Years, Citing 'Resistance and Backlash'", Artnet News, 10 May 2023. Retrieved on 11 May 2023.
  15. ↑ Germain. "The Smithsonian Returns a Trove of Benin Bronzes to Nigeria", Smithsonian Magazine, October 11, 2022. Retrieved on 11 May 2023. (in en)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 McGlone. "Smithsonian abandons $2 billion expansion plan unveiled in 2014", The Washington Post. Retrieved on 9 January 2022.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Johnnetta Cole Named New Director of the National Museum of African Art", 2009-02-10.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "At 80, Johnnetta Cole reflects on her career and the controversial Cosby exhibition", 2016-10-27.
  19. ↑ "A Smithsonian Dig Results in Two Museums", The New York Times, 1987-09-20.
  20. ↑ Smithsonian Unveils $2 Billion Plan to Renovate Its Museums and Public Spaces. The New York Times (2014-11-14).
  21. ↑ The National Museum of African Art Is About to Have an Amazing Sculpture Outside. Washingtonian (2016-11-11).
  22. ↑ "For African Art Treasures, a Place to Spread Out", The New York Times, 1993-02-07.
  23. ↑ Holland, Jesse (2007). Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History In and Around Washington. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7627-5192-1. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "New Showcases for Asian and African Art", The New York Times, 1987-09-20.
  25. ↑ Major Collection of African Art Goes to Smithsonian. Artforum (2005-09-30). Archived from the original on 2017-02-03. Retrieved on 2024-05-26.
  26. ↑ Warren M. Robbins Library, National Museum of African Art. Smithsonian Libraries. Archived from the original on February 15, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-07-22.
  27. ↑ McGlone. "Smithsonian to give back its collection of Benin bronzes", The Washington Post, March 8, 2022. Retrieved on March 9, 2022.
  28. ↑ Past Exhibitions. National Museum of African Art. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved on 2017-07-22.
  29. ↑ "ART VIEW; Anonymous Tribal Artisans? Look Again", The New York Times, 1998-04-12.
  30. ↑ "Keeper of the Kalabari Magic; Nigerian Sculptor Sokari Douglas Camp", 1988-11-11.
  31. ↑ "Artist's Kinetic Works Weld Western and African Styles", The Washington Times, 1997-04-27.
  32. ↑ "Africa's image, writ larger; New statue just one tactic to raise small museum's profile", 2010-06-06.
  33. ↑ "Apartheid 'Insights' on Exhibit; 30 Works Show Cruelty in S. Africa", The Washington Times, 2004-09-11.
  34. ↑ African Art Museum Gets $1.8 million From Oman. NBC4 Washington (November 26, 2013).
  35. ↑ "Smithsonian African Art director breaks silence on Cosby exhibition controversy", 2015-08-05.

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Na mbido afọ 1980, Smithsonian chọpụtara na ole na ole n'ime nde mmadụ iri abụọ na eleta ya kwa afọ bụ ndị agbụrụ pere mpe n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị isi ojii nọ n'obodo ahụ. O mechara mepụta kọmitii iji dozie ọdịiche ahụ. Dị ka ebe ngosi nka nke Africa akwagabeghị na National Mall, ọ na eje ozi na mpaghara ndị isi ojii na mpaghara agbụrụ, yana ndị ọrụ agbụrụ na mmemme a ma ama n'etiti ìgwè ụlọ akwụkwọ mpaghara na ihe nkiri ya, akụkọ ọdịnala, na nkuzi. Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nyekwara ọmụmụ ihe na African stripweave na talking drum.[1] Patton, onye nduzi ebe ngosi nka n'etiti afọ 2000, kwuru na a maghị ebe ngosi nka ahụ nke ọma na Washington, dịka ọ bụ naanị ọkara nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala tagzi maara ebe ọ dị.[2] Ọrụ Patton gụnyere ihe ngosi ndị e mere maka ụmụaka.[3] N'ihi ya, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ nyere ụmụaka karịa ndị okenye ozi.[4] N'oge a, ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ na eme ihe dị ka ihe omume iri pụrụ iche n'afọ.[5] The Washington Post dere na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ "gbalịsi ike ... iji dọta ndị ọbịa na onyinye" na 2016, nke esemokwu Cosby mere ka ọ ka njọ.[6]

Nnakwere

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na mmeghe nke ụlọ National Mall, ndị nyocha atọ nke New York Times katọrọ ihe ndị e mere na ya, ya bụ, nhọrọ nke ihe ndị e ji rụọ ya na enweghị ìhè okike n'okpuru ala.[7][8][9] Onye na enyocha ihe owuwu Paul Goldberger weere ihe ndị dị n'elu ala dị ka "ihe mgbagwoju anya ... ụlọ granite" nke ihe ndị dị na ya "dị mfe", na enweghị isi, ma na adịghị mma ma e jiri ya tụnyere Smithsonian Castle dị anya. O ji nwayọọ nwayọọ too nhazi "mara ihe" nke ihe mgbagwoju anya na uru ya kachasị n'okpuru ala na obere mgbanwe n'elu ala. Goldberger nwere mmasị n'ọrụ aka nke ụlọ ahụ, ime ya, na oghere gallery.[22] Ndị ọzọ na enyocha Times abụọ, n'aka nke ha, enweghị obi ụtọ ịhụ ọrụ ndị jikọtara ya na mpụga kama egosiri n'enweghị ìhè okike, ma na atụ egwu ihe nlereanya maka ebe ngosi ihe Oge ochie ndị ọzọ, na agbakwụnye na enweghị ìhè anaghị ekwe ndị na-ekiri ya na ọrụ ahụ. [6][27] Otú ọ dị, onye nduzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwuru na ìhè okike ga-akpata nsogbu nchekwa maka ihe osise osisi ha.[6] Ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ chere na ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe mgbagwoju anya, otu onye nkatọ dere, na enweghị ọdịdị.[6][8]

N'ihe ngosi mmeghe, onye nkatọ New York Times kọwara ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka ihe na adịghị mma na nke a na-ekwukarị n'ime ụlọ ndị na adịghị ahụkebe nke na eme ka ihe dị n'ime ya mgbe ụfọdụ. Ọ masịrị ya nke ọma na obere ihe ngosi na ọrụ ndị si na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ.[9] Oge nyocha nke ọzọ nke Times chọpụtara na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka ahụ buru ibu ma "na adịchaghị mma" karịa nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, ọ bụ ezie na nke ikpeazụ nwere ọtụtụ ọrụ dị mgbe ọ malitere nchịkọta ya.[8] Ihe ngosi mmeghe, n'ozuzu ya, kpaliri ndị na ekiri ihe na adọrọ mmasị n'isiokwu ahụ ma mesie ike mkpa nkwenkwe okpukpe na nka dị na ọrụ ndị egosiri. Onye na enyocha mmeghe ahụ gbalịrị ịkọwa ọrụ ndị Afrịka, nke sitere na ihu na onyinyo na elekwasị anya na ọmarịcha, geometric abstraction nke akwa akwa ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.[27] Onye nyocha nke ọzọ gbakwunyere na ihe ngosi akwa nke ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ kwusiri ike njikọ dị n'etiti nka Africa na ndụ kwa ụbọchị, ebe akwa ahụ nwere mmetụta "echiche ... ".[6][8]

"Ọ gaghị ekwe omume", ka onye nyocha dere na The Washington Times, "ọ bụghị ka ihe ngosi nke 2004 nke Apartheid na emetụta ya nke ukwuu". O toro ihe ngosi nka nke oge a mana o kwuru na ọrụ ndị ahụ lụsoro gburugburu ha ọgụ ụlọ ngosi ihe nkiri nke oge a raara nye bụ ezigbo oghere nwere ọnọdụ ọjọọ.[10]

Ihe odide

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Àtụ:Smithsonian museums

Njikọ mpụga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbasa ozi metụtaraNational Museum of African Artna Wikimedia Commons

  • Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị
  1. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT: Adieu
  2. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Patton starts
  3. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Patton leaves
  4. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WaPo: Cole new chief
  5. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WaPo: traveled
  6. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WaPo: Cole at 80
  7. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT: Dig
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT: Beneath
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named NYT: New Showcases
  10. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Insights