Njikọ Mgbanwe nke Ụmụ nwanyị nke Afghanistan

 

The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) bụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke dị na Kabul, Afghanistan, nke na-akwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ọ bụ Meena Keshwar Kamal, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ Afghanistan nke e gburu ya Febụwarị 1987 maka ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, guzobere ya na 1977.[1] Otu ahụ, nke na-akwado atụmatụ ndị na-abụghị nke ime ihe ike, nwere ọfịs mbụ ya na Kabul, Afghanistan, mana ọ kwagara Pakistan na mbido afọ 1980.[2]

Nzukọ a na-ezube itinye ụmụ nwanyị nke Afghanistan na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji nweta ikike mmadụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ịga n'ihu na ọgụ megide gọọmentị Afghanistan dabere na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na nke ụwa, ọ bụghị ụkpụrụ ndị na-akwado okpukpe, nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike isonye na ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu.[3] RAWA na-agbasi mbọ ike maka iwepụ ngwá agha dị iche iche. Kemgbe 1977, otu ahụ megidere usoro ọchịchị Afghanistan niile: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, Islamic State of Afghanistan, Islam Emirate of Afghanistan (1996-2001), Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2001-2021), na Islamic Emirate of Afganistán (site na 2021).

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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E bidoro RAWA na Kabul na 1977 dị ka otu òtù na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan na-alụ ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ikpe ziri ezi. Nzukọ ahụ wee si n'Afghanistan kwaga Pakistan ma guzobe isi ụlọ ọrụ ha n'ebe ahụ iji rụọ ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan.

Onye guzobere ya

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Meena Keshwar Kamal, onye guzobere RAWA

RAWA bụ otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan nke Meena Keshwar Kamal duziri.[1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 21, ọ tọrọ ntọala RAWA site n'ọrụ ya ịkụziri ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1979, Kamal malitere mkpọsa megide ọrụ Soviet na gọọmentị Afghanistan na-akwado Soviet. N'afọ 1981, ọ malitere akwụkwọ akụkọ Payam-e-Zan (Ozi ndị nwanyị). N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gara France maka French Socialist Party Congress. O guzobekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụaka gbara ọsọ ndụ Afghanistan, ụlọ ọgwụ na ebe ọrụ aka maka ụmụ nwanyị gbara ọsọ ndụ na Pakistan. Ihe omume na echiche ya, yana ọrụ ọ na-arụ megide gọọmentị na ndị isi okpukpe mere ka e gbuo ya na February 4, 1987.[4]

Ngagharị iwe nke RAWA na Peshawar, Pakistan na Eprel 28, 1998

Ọtụtụ n'ime mbọ RAWA mere na 1990s gụnyere ijide nzukọ ọmụmụ na ọgbakọ ndị nta akụkọ na mmemme ịkpata ego ndị ọzọ na Pakistan. RAWA mekwara ụlọ akwụkwọ nzuzo, ebe ụmụ mgbei, nkuzi nọọsụ, na ebe ọrụ aka maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ na Pakistan na Afghanistan. Ha na-ese foto na nzuzo nke ndị uwe ojii Mutaween na-eti ụmụ nwanyị ihe n'okporo ámá dị na Afghanistan, na-egbukwa ha. Ma ndị Taliban na United Islamic Front ("Northern Alliance") machibidoro ihe omume RAWA, mana ha nọgidere na-ekwusara ọrụ ha n'akwụkwọ dị ka Payam-e-Zan.[5]

RAWA mgbe mwakpo 2001 gasịrị

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RAWA dị oke egwu maka ntinye aka NATO nke malitere na 2001, n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ndị na-anwụ anwụ n'etiti ndị nkịtị. Òtù ahụ gara n'ihu na-eyi egwu ịgbara gọọmentị United States akwụkwọ maka iji foto anọ sitere na webụsaịtị ha n'enwetaghị ikike nke ejiri akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi gbadara n'obodo dị iche iche na Afghanistan n'oge mbuso agha 2001.[6]

Mgbe e merisịrị gọọmentị Taliban, RAWA dọrọ aka ná ntị na ndị agha Afghanistan jikọrọ aka na NATO bụ ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị dị ize ndụ dị ka ndị Taliban. Ha na-ebo ebubo na gọọmentị nke Onye isi ala Hamid Karzai na-edu enweghị nkwado n'ọtụtụ ebe nke Afghanistan, nakwa na ndị na-akwado okpukpe na-etinye iwu n'ọrụ na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi dịka ha nọ n'okpuru Taliban. Akụkọ mgbasa ozi banyere ọchịchị Herat nke Ismail Khan kwadoro nkwupụta ndị a, onye mepụtara Kọmitii maka Mgbasa Oziọma na Mgbochi nke Omume Ọjọọ nke na-amanye ụmụ nwanyị irube isi n'ụkpụrụ ejiji na omume siri ike, yana ọtụtụ akụkọ sitere na Human Rights Watch.[7][8] Otu akụkọ nke Human Rights Watch wepụtara na 2012 kọwara ọnọdụ ebe usoro ikpe na-ata ụmụ nwanyị ahụhụ maka ịnwa ịgbanahụ mmetọ n'ụlọ nakwa mgbe ụfọdụ maka ịbụ ndị e dinara n'ike.[9] Ọ na-ekwu na Karzai "[na-arịọ arịrịọ ma ọ bụ enweghị ike iwere usoro na-agbanwe agbanwe megide ndị na-agbaso omenala n'ime mba ahụ," nakwa na enweghị ọganihu na nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na Afghanistan mgbe afọ iri gasịrị bụ "ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ".[u]

Ihe omume ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya

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RAWA na-anakọta ego iji kwado ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ma ka na-arụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na Pakistan na Afghanistan, gụnyere ọrụ na njikọ CharityHelp.org maka nkwado ụmụ mgbei. Na 2020 RAWA maliteghachiri ozi ya n'ime Afghanistan wee hazie ụfọdụ mmemme ya na Kabul. Ha na-eme mmemme kwa afọ na International Women's Day kemgbe 2006.[10]

N'October 7, 2006, ndị ọrụ ndị inyom Afghan (AWM) haziri mmemme inye ego maka RAWA na Los Angeles, California.[11] Eve Ensler bụ onye isi ọbịa na onye na-elekọta redio Sonali Kolhatkar na Zoya, onye otu RAWA, so na ndị ọkà okwu. "Zoya" bụ pseudonym maka onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na kọmitii Ofesi RAWA nke gara ọtụtụ mba, gụnyere United States, Spain na Germany. N'afọ 2003, ọ nwetara otuto mba ụwa maka akụkọ ndụ ya Zoya's Story - Agha Nwanyị nwanyị Afghan maka nnwere onwe. Na June 2008, Zoya gbara akaebe nye Commission Human Rights Commission nke German nzuko omeiwu (Bundestag) iji mee ka gọọmentị German wepụ ndị agha ya na Afghanistan.[11]

N'afọ 2009, RAWA na ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị katọrọ "Ụkpụrụ Ezinụlọ Shia" nke a na-azọrọ na ọ kwadoro ndina n'ike di na nwunye n'ime obodo ndị Alakụba Shia nke Northern Afghanistan, yana ịkwado alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, purdah (iche) maka ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di, nke Onye isi ala Hamid Karzai nyere iji nweta nkwado maka gọọmentị njikọ ya site na ndị siri ike n'ime ndị a kpọtụrụ aha, yana ndị agbata obi Shia na-achịkwa Islamic Republic of Iran. Na mgbakwunye na ihe ndị dị n'elu, "Family Code" ọhụrụ ahụ na-egosikwa ọnọdụ iwu ịkpa ókè n'ihe gbasara ihe nketa na ịgba alụkwaghịm megide ụmụ nwanyị.[12]

N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, otu ahụ mere emume ncheta nke iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwụ onye guzobere RAWA Meena Keshwar Kamal na nnọkọ ụmụ nwanyị na Kabul.[13] N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2012, onye nnọchi anya RAWA bụ onye isi okwu na mgbakọ kwa afọ nke Veterans For Peace na Mahadum Maryland na College Park.   [citation needed]

Mgbe ndị America na ndị otu ahụ hapụrụ Afghanistan n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, ndị Taliban weghachiri ikike nke mba ahụ ngwa ngwa. Ọchịchị ọhụrụ ahụ weghachiri iwu ochie nke igbochi ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.[14][15] RAWA na-arụ ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ nzuzo maka ụmụ nwanyị iji mebie iwu a.[16]

Nkwado

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RAWA enwetala ihe nrite na asambodo iri na isii sitere na gburugburu ụwa maka ọrụ ya maka ikike mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Ha gụnyere onyinye nrite nke Asia nke isii - 2001, [18] nnwere onwe nke French Republic, Equality, Fraternity Human Rights Prize, 2000, [19] Emma Humphreys Memorial Prize 2001, [20] Glamour Women of the Year 2001,[21] 2001 SAIS-Novartis International Journalism Award sitere na Mahadum Johns Hopkins,[22] Asambodo nke nnabata ọgbakọ pụrụ iche sitere na US Congress, 2004, [23] Honorary Doctorate si Mahadum Antwerp (Belgium) maka mmezu ndị pụtara ìhè na-abụghị agụmakwụkwọ, [24] na ọtụtụ ihe nrite ndị ọzọ.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Atụmanya na RAWA

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N'akwụkwọ With All Our Strength: The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan nke Anne Brodsky dere, ọtụtụ ndị edemede ama ama n'ụwa na ndị na-akwado ikike mmadụ na-ekerịta echiche ha banyere RAWA. Ha gụnyere Arundhati Roy onye na-ekwu "Onye ọ bụla n'ime anyị chọrọ ntakịrị RAWA"; Eve Ensler, onye edemede nke Vagina Monologues, bụ onye na-atụ aro na RAWA aghaghị iguzo dị ka ihe nlereanya maka otu ọ bụla na-arụ ọrụ iji kwụsị ime ihe ike; Katha Pollitt, onye edemede nke isiokwu na arụmụka: Sense na Dissents on Women, Politics, and Culture; Ahmed Rashid, onye edemede nke Taliban na Jihad; na Asma Jahangir, onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche nke United Nations na onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan a ma ama bụ ndị Pakistan abụọ na-ede banyere RAWA ma gosipụta nkwado ha.[25]

Hụkwa

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  • Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na Afghanistan
  • Òtù Solidarity nke Afghanistan
  • Mmeso ndị Taliban na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ Toynbee. "Behind the burka", The Guardian, September 28, 2001.
  2. ↑ About RAWA.... www.rawa.org.
  3. ↑ RAWA testimony to the Congressional Human Rights Caucus Briefing. U.S. Congressional Human Rights Caucus (December 18, 2001). Archived from the original on June 28, 2007.
  4. ↑ Price. "Afghan activist's killers hanged", BBC News, 7 May 2002. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  5. ↑ The Taliban show their fangs to RAWA. Excerpts from Wahdat daily, published in Peshawar (April 30, 1998). RAWA. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  6. ↑ RAWA to sue US authorities - Bureau Report. RAWA. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  7. ↑ Human Rights Watch homepage. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  8. ↑ RAWA news homepage. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  9. ↑ "Hundreds of Afghan women jailed for 'moral ccrimespublisher=BBC", 28 March 2012. Retrieved on 28 March 2012.
  10. ↑ RAWA's gathering on the occasion of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women « RAWA. RAWA.org. Retrieved on 2022-08-14.
  11. ↑ Bennett (2012). No land an island : no people apart, 155. ISBN 978-1-4771-2465-9. OCLC 798617615. 
  12. ↑ Starkey. "Afghan leader accused of bid to 'legalise rape'. UN and women MPs say Karzai bowed to Islamic fundamentalists before poll", The Independent, 31 March 2009. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  13. ↑ RAWA News, RAWA commemorates the 25th anniversary of Meena’s martyrdom, 7 Feb 2012.
  14. ↑ Taliban's Ban on Girls' Education in Afghanistan (en). United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved on 2022-08-14.
  15. ↑ Understanding the Taliban's War on Women (en-US). thediplomat.com. Retrieved on 2022-08-14.
  16. ↑ Deshmukh (2022-08-13). Inside Afghanistan's secret schools, where girls defy the Taliban (en-US). The Japan Times. Retrieved on 2022-08-14.
  17. ↑ The sixth Asian Human Rights Award - 2001 to RAWA. RAWA (7 December 2001). Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  18. ↑ France Grants RAWA a Human Rights Prize. RAWA (April 15, 2000). Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  19. ↑ Emma Humphries Memorial Prize 2001. RAWA (October 6, 2001). Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  20. ↑ Glamour Awards Laud Afghan Woman. RAWA (31 October 2001). Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved on 17 December 2010.
  21. ↑ RAWA Winner of 2001 SAIS-Novartis International Journalism Award. RAWA (April 11, 2001). Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  22. ↑ Certificate of Special Congressional Recognition from the U.S. Congress to RAWA. RAWA (May 2, 2004). Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  23. ↑ Honorary Doctorate to RAWA By University of Antwerp (Belgium) For outstanding non-academic achievements. RAWA. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  24. ↑ Some RAWA Awards. RAWA. Retrieved on 7 December 2010.
  25. ↑ The Afghan Women's Mission. Archived from the original on 2006-06-15. Retrieved on 2024-08-21.