Njikọ nke Obere Agwaetiti

 

Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) bụ nzukọ gọọmentị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke mba ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na obere agwaetiti. E guzobere AOSIS na 1990, n'ihu Nzukọ nke Abụọ nke Ụwa. Ebumnuche bụ isi nke njikọ ahụ bụ iji mee ka olu nke Small Island Developing States (SIDS) sie ike iji dozie okpomọkụ ụwa.

Mba agwaetiti ndị a na-emetụta mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmetụta ya na oké osimiri, gụnyere ịrị elu nke oke osimiri, mbuze nke osimiri na ntinye mmiri nnu. Ndị otu ahụ so na mba ndị na-adịchaghị arụ ọrụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, ebe ha nyere ihe na-erughị 1% na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa.[1][2][3] Steeti ndị a na-akwado iwu na usoro mba ụwa maka idozi enweghị ikpe ziri ezi nke mmetụta ihu igwe.

Nhazi

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AOSIS na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwado SIDS site na usoro United Nations (UN).[4][5] Ọ nweghị mmefu ego, odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ikike.[6] E nwere ụlọ ọrụ, nke nwere onye isi oche na ndị osote oche abụọ.[7][8]

AOSIS na-ejikwa mmekọrịta, dịka ọmụmaatụ na United Nations Development Programme na European Commission.[9]

Ọrụ

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Ebe ndị isi AOSIS lekwasịrị anya bụ mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na nchekwa oké osimiri.[9]

SIDS so na mba ndị na-adịchaghị arụ ọrụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe, ebe ha nyere ihe na-erughị 1% na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa. Ha na-emetụta mmetụta ya karịsịa, na ụfọdụ agwaetiti nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ịghọ ndị a na-adịghị ebi ebi n'ihi ịrị elu nke oke osimiri.[1][2][3][10] AOSIS anọgidewo na-ebuli egwu a nke enweghị ebe obibi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe.[11]

SIDS, nke AOSIS mejupụtara, na-akpata ihe na-erughị 1% nke GDP zuru ụwa ọnụ, ókèala, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, nke pụtara na SIDS n'otu n'otu nwere obere ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkparịta ụka ihu igwe mba ụwa.[12][4] Ebumnuche nke AOSIS bụ ime ka olu ndị otu ya dịkwuo elu site na ijikọ steeti ndị na-eche nsogbu yiri ya ihu. Nke a bụ iji mụbaa ikike ha nwere imetụta mkparịta ụka ihu igwe ma mee ka a mara maka nchegbu ya.[9]

Omume

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AOSIS anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na mmalite ya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọgbọ egwuregwu zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ịkwalite mmata banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe na ịkwado ime ihe iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe.[11] Okike nke njikọ ahụ gosipụtara mmalite nke uto na mmetụta nke SIDS na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ihu igwe.[6] N'agbanyeghị ogo ha na obere ibu akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha, mba ndị otu AOSIS adọrọla ibu ha na mkparịta ụka mgbanwe ihu igwe.[11]

AOSIS rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịtọlite United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) ma bụrụ onye dị mkpa na mkparịta ụka nke Framework na 1992.[11] Nkwado ya nyere aka itinye ntinye aka na nnukwu nsogbu na mkpa pụrụ iche nke SIDS na Nkeji edemede 4.8 nke UNFCCC.[6][13] Otú ọ dị, AOSIS enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbalị ya iji mee ka mba dị iche iche tinye nkwa maka ebumnuche ndị a kapịrị ọnụ nke mbelata gas na Framework.[6]

AOSIS gara n'ihu na-akwado maka mkpa pụrụ iche nke SIDS n'oge Nzukọ Ụwa na Rio de Janeiro na 1992 na 'okwu pụrụ iche' nke SIDS ka a ghọtara na Agenda 21, atụmatụ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke sitere na Nzukọ ahụ.[14][15] Atụmatụ AOSIS maka ịmepụta 'ego mkpuchi mba ụwa', nke mba ndị mepere emepe kwadoro iji kwụọ ụgwọ SIDS maka mmebi nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara, jụrụ.[16] Na Rio, AOSIS gbasaa ikike ya karịa mgbanwe ihu igwe iji gụnyekwa mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke SIDS. AOSIS kwurịtara maka itinye obere mpaghara mmemme na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide nke obere agwaetiti na Agenda 21.[14][17] Agenda 21 abụghị iwu, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na mmemme ahụ bụ ihe na-edoghị anya iji kwalite ọrụ bara uru.[6]

AOSIS jisiri ike nweta ntinye na Agenda 21 nke oku maka nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ na okwu a, nke dugara na Nzukọ Ụwa mbụ maka Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide nke Obere Agwaetiti, nke emere na Barbados na 1994.[14][18][16][6] AOSIS rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na Nzukọ ahụ.[16] Ọ bụ nzukọ mbụ nke UN raara onwe ya nye SIDS. Nzukọ ahụ mere ka a sụgharịa Agenda 21 n'ime mmemme zuru oke, Barbados Programme of Action on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States.[19][6] Nnyocha afọ ise nke Nzukọ Barbados, nke emere na nnọkọ pụrụ iche nke Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN na 1999, chọpụtara na mbọ SIDS na-agba iji nwee ọganihu na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide enwechaghị oke, ebe nyocha afọ iri nke Nzukọ Barbados, nke weere ụdị nzukọ mba ụwa na Mauritius na 2005, chọpụtara na mmejuputa ya enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.[6][20]

AOSIS weputara ederede mbụ na mkparịta ụka Kyoto Protocol n'oge 1994. Mba ndị so na AOSIS Fiji na Antigua na Barbuda bụ steeti mbụ kwadoro Kyoto Protocol na 1998.[11]

AOSIS ejirila nzukọ ndị a haziri tupu nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN mee ihe iji mee ka a mara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ọrụ ya.[11] AOSIS ejirila mgbasa ozi mee ihe iji mee ka a mara maka nchegbu ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-eduga na 2009 UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) na Copenhagen, ndị otu kansụl nke Maldives, otu steeti AOSIS, nwere nzukọ kansụl n'okpuru mmiri iji mee ka a mara egwu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta ịdị adị nke Maldive. Ihe omume ahụ dọtara uche mba ụwa.[21][22][23][24]

Na Nzukọ Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke UN na Berlin na 1995, AOSIS kwadoro n'ụzọ siri ike maka itinye aka na oge na usoro ebumnuche maka mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ nwetara nkwado nke mba ndị mepere emepe gụnyere China, Brazil, na India.[16] AOSIS akwadowo kemgbe afọ 2008 maka itinye okpomọkụ iji gbochie okpomọkụ ụwa ruo 1.5 °C n'elu ọkwa tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọtụtụ n'ime mba ndị otu AOSIS nọ na Nzukọ ahụ na Copenhagen. Democracy Now! kọrọ na ndị otu si n'àgwàetiti Tuvalu kwụsịrị nnọkọ nke Nzukọ ahụ na 10 Disemba 2009 iji chọọ ka ịrị elu okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ bụrụ 1.5 °C kama 2 °C. Nkwado a gara n'ihu na-eduga na 2015 UNFCCC na Paris.[25] AOSIS malitere ihe omume mkparịta ụka nke ga-eduga na itinye 1.5 °C ma dị mkpa n'inweta nkwado maka itinye ya site na mba ndị dị n'Afrịka na Eshia na mba LDC.[11] Dị ka onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe ike Mark Lynas si kwuo, itinye 1.5 °C na nkwekọrịta Paris bụ 'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam' n'ihi nkwado nke SIDS na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe.[26]

Na 2013 Warsaw climate change conference, AOSIS kwalitere ka e guzobe usoro mba ụwa na mfu na mmebi nke ihe mebiri emebi nke Supertyphoon Haiyan.[27] Ka ịdị adị nke ọtụtụ mba ndị otu AOSIS nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mgbanwe ihu igwe, AOSIS etinyela akwụkwọ ikpe n'ihe egwu. Nsonaazụ nke nyocha nke akwụkwọ ahụ na-adịbeghị anya na-egosi na ụgwọ nwere ike ibu maka mgbanwe ihu igwe maka AOSIS karịrị ijeri $ 570.[28] AOSIS welitere okwu a ọzọ na 2015 UNFCCC na Paris. AOSIS nyere aka na itinye Nkeji edemede 8 na Nkwekọrịta Paris, nke 'na-amata mkpa ọ dị igbochi, belata na idozi mfu na mmebi' nke mgbanwe ihu igwe kpatara, ọ bụ ezie na isiokwu ahụ 'enyeghị ihe ndabere maka ụgwọ ọ bụla'.[11][29][30] Dị ka ọ dị na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe gara aga, ndị otu AOSIS so na ndị mbụ kwadoro nkwekọrịta Paris, na Fiji kwadoro nke mbụ, Republic of Marshall Islands, Palau, Maldives, na ndị ọzọ sochiri ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị.[11]

Mba AOSIS so Fiji kwadoro Nzukọ Nzukọ Oké Osimiri UN na 2017.[31] Ndị minista si na mba ndị otu AOSIS, gụnyere Fiji, Tuvalu, na Palau jiri nzukọ a mee ka a mara banyere ezigbo ihe ize ndụ nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-eweta na ịdị adị nke mba ha na ịkwado maka ime ihe iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe.[32] Fiji duziri 2017 UN Climate Change Conference, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ SIDS mbụ duziri nzukọ UN banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ahụ mere na Bonn n'ihi ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Fiji, obere nha na obere akụrụngwa.[1][33]

Ndị otu AOSIS

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AOSIS nwere ndị otu nke steeti 39 zuru ụwa ọnụ, nke 37 n'ime ha bụ ndị otu UN ebe 2 (Cook Islands na Niue) na-ekere òkè n'ime UN, na steeti ise ọzọ bụ ndị na-ekiri. Njikọ ahụ na-anọchite anya 28% nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, na 20% nke ndị otu UN.[11] Ọtụtụ SIDS bụ ndị otu AOSIS.[34]

AOSIS nwere ndị otu dị iche iche. Steeti ndị otu ahụ gbasara n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa. AOSIS lekwasịrị anya na SIDS, agbanyeghị ndị otu ya gụnyekwara mba ndị dị ala n'ụsọ oké osimiri, dịka Belize na Guyana, na agwaetiti ndị buru ibu, dịka Papua New Guinea. Tinyere ọdịiche nke ala, mba ndị mejupụtara ya dịkwa iche iche n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, dịka AOSIS gụnyere mba ndị so na ya bara ọgaranya, dịka Singapore, na mba LDC, dịka Comoros.

Ihe a na-ahụkarị nke na-ejikọta ndị otu AOSIS bụ ihe ha na-adịghị ike maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.[14]

Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na ọdịiche nke AOSIS emeela ka ọ ghara ịdị irè, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara lobbying ya maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.[6][35]

Mba ndị so na ya

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Mba ndị so na ya bụ:[36]Àtụ:Col-begin Àtụ:Col-break In the Atlantic Ocean (3 countries):

In the Caribbean (16 countries):

Àtụ:Col-break In the Indian Ocean (4 countries):

In the Pacific Ocean (15 countries):

In the South China Sea (1 country):

Àtụ:Col-break

AOSIS members in dark green; observers in light green (as of March 2008).

Àtụ:Col-endAOSIS nwekwara ndị na-ekiri na-emenụ ise: American Samoa, Guam, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, na United States Virgin Islands.

Onye isi oche

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E nweela oche 13 nke AOSIS kemgbe e guzobere ya, na onye nnọchi anya Antigua na Barbuda, onye nnọchianya Walton Alfonso Webson, dị ka oche ugbu a.[37]

Term Duration Name Country
1 1991 – 1994 Robert Van Lierop Àtụ:Country data Vanuatu
2 1994 – 1997 Annette des Iles Àtụ:Country data Trinidad and Tobago
3 1997 – 2002 Tuiloma Neroni Slade Àtụ:Country data Samoa
4 2002 – 2005 Jagdish Koonjul  Mauritius
5 2005 – 2006 Enele Sopoaga (acting) Àtụ:Country data Tuvalu
6 2006 Julian R. Hunte Àtụ:Country data Saint Lucia
7 2006 – 2009 Angus Friday Àtụ:Country data Grenada
8 2009 – 2011 Dessima Williams Àtụ:Country data Grenada
9 2012 – 2014 Marlene Moses Àtụ:Country data Nauru
10 2015 – 2017 Ahmed Sareer Àtụ:Country data Maldives
11 2017 – 2018 Ali Naseer Mohamed Àtụ:Country data Maldives
12 2019 – 2020 Lois Michele Young Àtụ:Country data Belize
13 2021 – present Walton Alfonso Webson Àtụ:Country data Antigua and Barbuda

Nsọpụrụ

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N'afọ 2010, e nyere AOSIS onyinye Frederick R. Anderson nke mbụ maka ihe ịga nke ọma pụtara ìhè na-edozi mgbanwe ihu igwe site na Center for International Environmental Law.[38]

Hụkwa

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  • Africa, Caribbean na Pacific (ACP)
  • Ihe Omume nke Barbados (BPOA)
  • Mbelata mgbanwe ihu igwe
  • Agwaetiti Mbụ
  • Mba Ndị Na-emepebeghị Emepe (LDC)
  • Nzukọ Oké Osimiri Ụwa
  • ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke okpomọkụ ụwa

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Small Island nations at the frontline of climate action (en). UNDP. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.. UNDP. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Climate change and small islands: more scientific evidence of high risks (en). Climate Analytics Blog. Retrieved on 2020-11-13."Climate change and small islands: more scientific evidence of high risks". Climate Analytics Blog. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Art 3) (1994). Retrieved on 14 November 2020."Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (Art 3)" (PDF). 1994. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Climate Change Diplomacy and Small Island Developing States - United Nations University (en-US). unu.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-05-17. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.. unu.edu. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  5. ↑ Lefale (2016). "Climate Clubs and the alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)". Berlin Conference on Global Environmental Change: 2. DOI:10.17169/refubium-23174. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 Grote (2010). "The Changing Tides of Small Island States Discourse - A Historical Overview of the Appearance of Small Island States in the International Arena". Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America 43 (2): 183–186. DOI:10.5771/0506-7286-2010-2-164. Grote, Jenny (2010). "The Changing Tides of Small Island States Discourse - A Historical Overview of the Appearance of Small Island States in the International Arena". Law and Politics in Africa, Asia and Latin America. 43 (2): 183–186. doi:10.5771/0506-7286-2010-2-164. JSTOR 43239555 – via JSTOR.
  7. ↑ Palgrave Macmillan (2016). The Statesman's Yearbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 45. 
  8. ↑ [:enBureau of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS)[:fr]Le bureau d'alliance des petits etats insulaires[:]] (en). UN-OHRLLS. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 About Us – AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States) (en-US). Archived from the original on 2023-05-13. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  10. ↑ Small island developing states in numbers; climate change edition (2015). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Ourbak (2018). "The Paris Agreement and climate change negotiations: Small Islands, big players". Regional Environmental Change 18 (8): 2201–2206. DOI:10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9. Ourbak, Timothee; Magnan, Alexandre (2018). "The Paris Agreement and climate change negotiations: Small Islands, big players". Regional Environmental Change. 18 (8): 2201–2206. doi:10.1007/s10113-017-1247-9. S2CID 158547600 – via SpringerLink.
  12. ↑ "Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy", The Economist, 2019-09-19. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  13. ↑ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Art 4.8) (1992). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Chasek (12 August 2005). "Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 14 (2): 132. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x. Chasek, Pamela (12 August 2005). "Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law. 14 (2): 132. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x – via Wiley Online Library.
  15. ↑ Agenda 21 (Article 17.123) (1992). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Shibuya (Winter 1996–1997). ""Roaring Mice Against the Tide": The Pacific Islands and Agenda Building on Global Warming". Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia 69: 552–554. Shibuya, Eric (Winter 1996–1997). ""Roaring Mice Against the Tide": The Pacific Islands and Agenda Building on Global Warming" (PDF). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia. 69: 552–554. JSTOR 2761186 – via JSTOR.
  17. ↑ Agenda 21 (G. Sustainable development of small islands) (1992). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  18. ↑ Agenda 21 (Art. 17.130) (1992). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  19. ↑ Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (October 1994). Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  20. ↑ Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (10–14 January 2005). Archived from the original on 2008-03-06. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  21. ↑ "Maldives cabinet makes a splash", 2009-10-17. Retrieved on 2020-11-13. (in en-GB)
  22. ↑ Maldivas realiza singular junta bajo el mar (es). El Universo (2009-10-17). Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  23. ↑ "Reunión de gabinete bajo el agua", La Nación. Retrieved on 2020-11-13. (in es)
  24. ↑ "Maldives cabinet makes a splash", 2009-10-17. Retrieved on 2020-11-14. (in en-GB)
  25. ↑ Citing Its Survival, Pacific Island of Tuvalu Interrupts Copenhagen Summit to Call for Binding Climate Commitments. Democracy Now!.
  26. ↑ "Island states have had an outsized influence on climate policy", The Economist, 2019-09-19. Retrieved on 2020-11-14.
  27. ↑ For Immediate Release: Small Islands Call For Urgency in Warsaw in Wake of Deadly Typhoon. AOSIS (11 November 2013). Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved on 12 December 2013.
  28. ↑ Heidari Negin, Pearce Joshua M (2016). "A Review of Greenhouse Gas Emission Liabilities as the Value of Renewable Energy for Mitigating Lawsuits for Climate Change Related Damages". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 55: 899–908. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2015.11.025. 
  29. ↑ Article 8 of the Paris Agreement (2016). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  30. ↑ Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session(Art.51) (2015). Retrieved on 14 November 2020.
  31. ↑ The Ocean Conference, 5-9 June, 2017 - United Nations, New York (EN). www.un.org. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  32. ↑ Richard Roth (7 June 2017). At first UN Ocean Conference, island nations plead for help. CNN. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  33. ↑ Fiji and Bonn, an unusual partnership to host COP23 climate talks (en). France 24 (2017-11-05). Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  34. ↑ Shultz (2016-01-02). "Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development for small island developing states". Disaster Health 3 (1): 32–44. DOI:10.1080/21665044.2016.1173443. ISSN 2166-5044. PMID 28229013. 
  35. ↑ Chasek (12 August 2005). ""Margins of Power: Coalition Building and Coalition Maintenance of the South Pacific Island States and the Alliance of Small Island States"". Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 14 (2): 133 et seqq. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9388.2005.00433.x. 
  36. ↑ Member states. Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved on 2019-08-16.
  37. ↑ About AOSIS. AOSIS - Alliance of Small Island States.
  38. ↑ 2010 Frederick Anderson Climate Change Award Recipient - Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) (en-US). Center for International Environmental Law. Retrieved on 2020-11-10.

Njikọ mpụga

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