Omume Chineke

N'iji iwu eme ihe n'ụwa a na-asụ Bekee, omume nke Chineke ma ọ bụ damnum fatale ("mfu na-esite na ihe mberede a na-apụghị izere ezere") bụ ihe ize ndụ sitere n'okike na-abụghị nchịkwa mmadụ, dị ka ala ọma jijiji ma ọ bụ tsunami, nke enweghị onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwụ maka ya. Omume nke Chineke nwere ike bụrụ mwepu na ụgwọ ọrụ na nkwekọrịta (dị ka n'okpuru iwu Hague–Visby) ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike ịbụ "ihe egwu mkpuchi" na amụma mkpuchi. N'iwu ndị Scots, okwu ya na ya bụ damnum fatale, ebe ọtụtụ iwu nkịtị na-eji usoro iwu ziri ezi na-eji okwu ahụ bụ omume nke Chineke.

N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-ewere ihe omume ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche nke mmadụ mere ma ọ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ihe dị mkpa.^[2]

Iwu nkwekọrịta

N'ime iwu nke nkwekọrịta, enwere ike ịkọwa ihe omume nke Chineke dị ka ihe nchebe pụtara n'okpuru ọchịchị nke enweghị ike ime ma ọ bụ enweghị ike ime ya. Ọ bụrụ otú ahụ, a ga-emezurịrị nkwa ahụ n’ihi ihe ndị a na-atụghị anya ya, bụ́ ndị a na-apụghị izere ezere ma mee ka e nwee igbu oge, mmefu, ma ọ bụ mmebi ihe onwunwe ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị imeri emeri. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]

N'okpuru iwu nkịtị nke Bekee, a na-ewere ọrụ nkwekọrịta dị ka ihe dị nsọ, ya mere, ịghara ịsọpụrụ nkwekọrịta nwere ike iduga n'iwu maka ịrụ ọrụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ ịbanye n'ụlọ mkpọrọ onye ji ụgwọ. N'afọ 1863, iwu a siri ike mere ka ọ dị nro site n'okwu ikpe Taylor v Caldwell bụ nke webatara ozizi nke nkụda mmụọ nke nkwekọrịta, bụ nke mere na "ebe nkwekọrịta na-agaghị ekwe omume ime ma ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla na-emejọ, a ga-ahapụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ ọrụ ha" . N'okwu a, Chineke gbara otu ụlọ egwu ọkụ tupu ha enwee ike imezu ọrụ ego, ụlọikpe ahụ weere na nkwekọrịta ahụ adịghị mma.

N'ime nkwekọrịta ndị ọzọ, dị ka nkwụghachi ụgwọ, omume nke Chineke nwere ike ọ bụghị ihe ngọpụ, na n'ezie nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ bụ isi nke onye na-akwado ya chere-dịka, mkpuchi idei mmiri ma ọ bụ mkpuchi ihe ubi-naanị mgbanwe bụ oge na oke mmebi ahụ. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọdịda site n'ụzọ nke ileghara ihe ize ndụ doro anya anya n'ihi "ihe ndị dị ndụ" agaghị ezuru ngọpụ maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọrụ ahụ, ọ bụrụgodị na ihe omume ahụ dị obere: dịka, nsogbu afọ 2000 na kọmputa. N'okpuru Usoro Azụmaahịa Uniform, 2-615, enweghị ike ibuga ngwongwo ere nwere ike ịgọpụ site na "omume nke Chineke" ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị omume dị otú ahụ bụ "echiche bụ isi" nke nkwekọrịta ahụ, na omume ahụ emeela ka nnyefe ahụ "na-azụ ahịa" enweghị ike ime." [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ]

N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-azọrọ na ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ bụ isi ihe kpatara ihe omume ụfọdụ a na-ewere na ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha. Karịsịa:

Mmiri na-akpata ala ọma jijiji (Basel, Switzerland, 2003)^[3]
Ịgba ala na-akpata ugwu mgbawa (Java, 2008)^[4]

Dị ka ụkpụrụ zuru oke nke omume Chineke, enwere ike ịkọwa ọrịa na-efe efe dị ka omume Chineke ma ọ bụrụ na ọrịa ahụ bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịhụ anya ma na-eme ka nkwa ahụ pụta ma ọ bụrụgodị na onye na-ekwe nkwa ahụ enweghị ike izere mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ site n'iji ezi uche, ịdị uchu na nlekọta, ma ọ bụ site na iji ụzọ ndị ahụ ọnọdụ ahụ na-eme gore ezi uche dị na ha iji.^[5]^[6]

Iwu mmejọ na iwu mpụ

UK - England na Wales

Omume Chineke bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịhụ anya. Nkọwa site n'aka Lord Hobhouse na Transco plc v Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council dị ka ịkọwa ihe omume:Templeeti:Ordered list

UK - Scotland

Na Tennant v Earl of Glasgow (1864 2 M (HL) 22) Lord Chancellor Westbury kọwara ikpe dị ka: "ihe a na-akpọ na iwu Scotland damnum fatale - ihe omume na ọnọdụ nke ọ dịghị atụ anya mmadụ nwere ike inye, na nke akọ mmadụ na-enweghị ike ịmata ihe nwere ike ime; na nke, mgbe ha mere, bụ ọdachi ndị na-adịghị agụnye ibu ọrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nsonaazụ ha".^[7]

United States

N'iwu nke mmejọ, enwere ike ikwu na omume Chineke dị ka ụdị ihe kpatara ya, nke enweghị ya gaara ezere ihe kpatara ya ma ọ bụ belata nsonaazụ nke ibu ọrụ (dịka, mana maka ala ọma jijiji ahụ, ụlọ ochie ahụ, nke a rụrụ nke ọma ga-eguzo). Otú ọ dị, nsonaazụ a na-ahụ anya nke ihe ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya ka nwere ike ibute ibu ọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, àmụ̀mà na-akụ ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu gas na-agbaze agbaze, na-akpata mgbawa a tụrụ anya ya. Enwere ike ịchọta ibu ọrụ ma ọ bụrụ na onye na-ebu ya ejighị nlezianya ezi uche dị na ya chebe onwe ya pụọ na ọkụ ọkụ - n'agbanyeghị mmalite ha. N'otu aka ahụ, ibu ọrụ siri ike nwere ike imeri onye na-agbachitere omume Chineke ebe onye a na-ebo ebubo mepụtara ọnọdụ nke ihe ọ bụla ga-akpata mmerụ ahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na-aga ogologo oge na-ewere ụzọ mkpirikpi n'okporo ụzọ azụ ma ibu ahụ na-efu mgbe e bibiri ụzọ ahụ na idei mmiri a na-atụghị anya ya. Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-achọpụta na onye na-ebu ya abụghị onye na-ahụ maka ike ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya nke okike. Lee Memphis & Charlestown RR Co. v. Reeves, 77 U.S. 176 (1870).

Otu ihe atụ bụ nke "onye na-eme mmiri ozuzo" Charles Hatfield, onye obodo San Diego were n'ọrụ na 1915 iji jupụta ọdọ mmiri Morena iji nwee mmiri ozuzo maka $ 10,000. N'oge na-adịghị anya, nnukwu mmiri ozuzo jupụtara na mpaghara ahụ, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbajie mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gbuo ihe fọrọ nke nta hiwere mmadụ 20, mebie àkwà mmiri 110 (na-ahapụ 2), na-akụtu eriri ekwentị na telegraph, ma na-akpata ihe ruru nde $ 3.5 na mmebi n'ozuzu. Mgbe obodo ahụ jụrụ ịkwụ ya ụgwọ (ọ chefuru ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ahụ), ọ gbara obodo ahụ akwụkwọ. E kwuru na idei mmiri ahụ bụ omume Chineke, na-ewepụ ya n'ibu ọrụ kamakwa site na ịkwụ ụgwọ.

Hụkwa

Ike Ukwu
Nnukwu ihe
Ikpe megide Chineke

Ihe odide

↑ Insurance: What exactly constitutes an "Act of God"? (en-US). CBS News (30 July 2015). Retrieved on 2020-07-07.
↑ such as the closure of the Shatt-al-Arab waterway – The Bamburi [1982] I LLR3122
↑ "Beben nach Erdwärmeprojekt – Gericht spricht Schweizer Geologen frei", Der Spiegel, 22 December 2009. Retrieved on 28 November 2012.
↑ Whitelaw (9 June 2008). Javan mud volcano triggered by drilling, not quake. Retrieved on 22 February 2011.
↑ Gordon D. Kaufman Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1968), pp. 175–201
↑ Starr, Samuel M. Tony; Roy, Alyssa B.; Leonard, Kaitlyn C.; Prober, Clare. "What the COVID-19 Pandemic Means for Force Majeure Provisions". www.mintz.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.
↑ Hugh Tennent v. The Earl of Glasgow - [1864] UKHL 2_Paterson_1229 - United Kingdom House of Lords - Judgment - Law. CaseMine. Retrieved on 24 June 2021.

Templeeti:Insurance

[1] Insurance: What exactly constitutes an "Act of God"? (en-US). CBS News (30 July 2015). Retrieved on 2020-07-07.

[2] such as the closure of the Shatt-al-Arab waterway – The Bamburi [1982] I LLR3122

[3] "Beben nach Erdwärmeprojekt – Gericht spricht Schweizer Geologen frei", Der Spiegel, 22 December 2009. Retrieved on 28 November 2012.

[4] Whitelaw (9 June 2008). Javan mud volcano triggered by drilling, not quake. Retrieved on 22 February 2011.

[5] Gordon D. Kaufman Vol. 61, No. 2 (Apr., 1968), pp. 175–201

[6] Starr, Samuel M. Tony; Roy, Alyssa B.; Leonard, Kaitlyn C.; Prober, Clare. "What the COVID-19 Pandemic Means for Force Majeure Provisions". www.mintz.com. Retrieved 2020-03-31.

[Tennent-7] Hugh Tennent v. The Earl of Glasgow - [1864] UKHL 2_Paterson_1229 - United Kingdom House of Lords - Judgment - Law. CaseMine. Retrieved on 24 June 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]