Spine (zoology)

N'ihe gbasara ụmụ anụmanụ, ogwu bụ ihe siri ike, nke yiri agịga nke a na-ahụ na ụdị anụmanụ na nke na-enweghị azụ. Mkpịsị aka nke ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara nwere ogwu bụ ntutu gbanwere agbanwe, nke nwere etiti spongy kpuchiri ya na keratin siri ike, siri ike na ọnụ dị nkọ, mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ogwu.

Ihe mere

Anụ na-enye nwa ara

Mkpịsị aka n'ime anụ ndị na-enye nwa ara gụnyere ogwu nke hedgehogs, na n'etiti ụmụ oke, mkpịsị aka nke New World na Old World porcupines, yana ajị anụ nke òké nwere ogwu, òké nwere spiny, na òké nwere nwere ogwu. A na-ahụkwa ha na tenrecs afrotherian nke ezinụlọ Tenrecinae (hedgehog na tenrecks), marsupial spiny bandicoots, na echidnas (nke monotremes).

Synapsid oge ochie, Dimetrodon, nwere ogwu ogologo na azụ ya nke jikọtara ya na eriri akpụkpọ ahụ nke mepụtara ihe yiri ákwà ifufe.

Ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, dị ka nwamba na fossas, nwekwara ogwu penis.^[1]^[2]

Mesozoic eutriconodont mammals Spinolestes egosila ogwu yiri nke òké ogwu nke oge a.^[3]

Azụ

A na-ahụ ogwu na ụzarị nke ụfọdụ azụ nwere ọkpụkpụ gụnyere azụ akpị. Ọnyá a na-ahụ na stingray bụ ụdị ọkpụkpụ nwere ogwu.

Anụ ndị nwere azụ

A na-ahụkwa ogwu n'ime anụmanụ na-enweghị azụ, dị ka sea urchins. Ha bụ akụkụ nke mkpokoro nke ọtụtụ ụdị gastropod na bivalve mollusks, gụnyere Venus clam Pitar lupanaria. A na-ahụkwa ogwu n'ime akụkụ ahụ dị n'ime anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ, dị ka ogwu na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ime nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị nke ụfọdụ flatworms.

Ọrụ

N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ogwu bụ usoro nchebe nke na-enyere aka ichebe anụmanụ megide ndị na-eri ibe ha. N'ihi na ogwu dị nkọ, ha nwere ike ịpịa akpụkpọ ahụ ma kpatara ihe mgbu na mmebi nke nwere ike ime ka onye na-eri ibe ya zere ụdị ahụ site n'oge ahụ gaa n'ihu.

Ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ụfọdụ anụmanụ nwere ike ịgba ọgwụ. N'ihe banyere ụfọdụ nnukwu ụdị stingray, oghere nwere ogwu na nsí na-eso ya na-egbu ụmụ mmadụ mgbe ụfọdụ.

A na-ewere anụmanụ ndị dị ka porcupines dị ka aposematic, n'ihi na ogwu ha na-adọ ndị na-eri ibe ha aka ná ntị na ha dị ize ndụ ma nwee ike igbu egbu.^[4] Porcupines na-eme mkpọtụ ha dị ka ịdọ aka ná ntị nye ndị na-eri ibe ha, dị ka agwọ na-eme mkpu.^[4]

Ịgwọ mmerụ ahụ sitere na ogwu

N'ihi na ọtụtụ ụdị azụ na anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na-ebu nsí n'ime ogwu ha, iwu nke mkpịsị aka ukwu bụ ịgwọ mmerụ ahụ ọ bụla dị ka a ga-asị na ọ bụ agwọ. Nsí nwere ike ịkpata nnukwu ihe mgbu, mgbe ụfọdụ ọ nwere ike ịta ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na agwọghị ya.^[5]

N'aka nke ọzọ, ịbụ onye a na-akpọ porcupine na-egbu egbu abụghị ihe ize ndụ, na mkpịsị aka ndị ahụ abụghịkwa ihe na-egbu mgbu. Enwere ike iwepụ pensụl ahụ site na iji nlezianya ma sie ike ịdọrọ ya na akpụkpọ ahụ. Isi ogwu ahụ na-agbaji mgbe ụfọdụ, mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ site na akpụkpọ ahụ ka oge na-aga.^[6]

Ojiji mmadụ na-eji ya eme ihe

Ojiji a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ogwu anụmanụ gụnyere:

Ihe ịchọ mma
- Mkpịsị aka, ọla ntị, na ihe olu ndị e ji ogwu ndị a mee bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị
- Agbụrụ ndị si gburugburu ụwa na-eji mkpịsị aka porcupine dị ka ọla maka mgbanwe ahụ ha ya bụ site na imi
Echiche
- E ji mkpịsị akwụkwọ mee ụfọdụ n'ime mkpịsị aka ndị mbụ
Quillwork, ụdị ịchọ mma akwa nke ndị obodo North America na-eme nke na-eji mkpịsị aka nke porcupines dị ka ihe mara mma

Mgbe ụfọdụ:

Brush

Ihe odide

↑ (2009) in Macdonald: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals. Princeton University Press, 668–669. ISBN 978-0-691-14069-8.
↑ Dufault (July 9, 2018). Fossa: the King of Madagascar. Youtube. Retrieved on April 14, 2021.
↑ Thomas Martin, Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Romain Vullo, Hugo Martín-Abad, Zhe-Xi Luo & Angela D. Buscalioni, A Cretaceous eutriconodont and integument evolution in early mammals, Nature 526, 380–384 (15 October 2015) doi:10.1038/nature14905 Received 05 March 2015 Accepted 13 July 2015 Published online 14 October 2015
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Speed (2005). "Warning displays in spiny animals: One (more) evolutionary route to aposematism". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 59 (12): 2499–2508. DOI:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00963.x. PMID 16526498.
↑ "Wilderness Survival". Dangerous Fish and Mollusks. retrieved 2012-03-20
↑ Conger, Cristen. "What's the best way to remove porcupine quills?". http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/remove-porcupine-quills1.htm . retrieved 2012-03-20

[1] (2009) in Macdonald: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Mammals. Princeton University Press, 668–669. ISBN 978-0-691-14069-8.

[2] Dufault (July 9, 2018). Fossa: the King of Madagascar. Youtube. Retrieved on April 14, 2021.

[3] Thomas Martin, Jesús Marugán-Lobón, Romain Vullo, Hugo Martín-Abad, Zhe-Xi Luo & Angela D. Buscalioni, A Cretaceous eutriconodont and integument evolution in early mammals, Nature 526, 380–384 (15 October 2015) doi:10.1038/nature14905 Received 05 March 2015 Accepted 13 July 2015 Published online 14 October 2015

[warning-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Speed (2005). "Warning displays in spiny animals: One (more) evolutionary route to aposematism". Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 59 (12): 2499–2508. DOI:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb00963.x. PMID 16526498.

[5] "Wilderness Survival". Dangerous Fish and Mollusks. retrieved 2012-03-20

[6] Conger, Cristen. "What's the best way to remove porcupine quills?". http://animals.howstuffworks.com/mammals/remove-porcupine-quills1.htm . retrieved 2012-03-20

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