Ule ịgụ na ide

 

Editorial cartoon site na Jenụwarị 18, 1879, mbipụta nke Harper's Weekly na-akatọ ojiji nke ule ịgụ na ide. Ọ na-egosi "Mr. Solid South" na-ede na mgbidi, "Eddikashun qualifukashun. Nwoke Blak orter ka a na-eme eddikated tupu ya na anyị Wites, bịanyere aka na Mr. Solid South.

Ule ịgụ na ide na-enyocha ikike ịgụ na ide nke mmadụ: ikike ha nwere ịgụ na ide. Gọọmentị dị iche iche emeela ule ịgụ na ide, ọkachasị ndị mbịarambịa. Na US, n'etiti afọ 1850 na 1960, ule agụmakwụkwọ e nyere ndị na-eme ntụli aka nwere mmetụta nke iwepụ ikike Ndị Africa America na ndị ọzọ nwere ohere agụmakwụkwọ. [1]Mba ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị Australia, dị ka akụkụ nke Iwu White Australia ya, na South Africa nabatara ule ịgụ na ide ma ọ bụ iji wepụ ụfọdụ agbụrụ agbụrụ na-atụ vootu ma ọ bụ igbochi ha ịkwaga.[2]

Ịtụ vootu

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Site na 1890s ruo 1960s, ọtụtụ gọọmentị steeti nyere ndị ga-eme ntụli aka ule ịgụ na ide, iji nwalee ịgụ na ide ha iji mee ntụli aka. Steeti mbụ guzobere ule ịgụ na ide na United States bụ Connecticut.[3]

Ndị omeiwu steeti jiri ule ịgụ na ide mee ihe dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ndebanye aha ndị na-eme ntụli aka malite na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. A na-eji ule ịgụ na ide, tinyere ụtụ isi ntuli aka, ihe mgbochi obibi na ihe onwunwe, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-abụghị nke iwu (ime ihe ike na egwu) mee ihe iji gbochie Ndị Africa America ịtụ vootu.[4] 

E webatara ule izizi nke ndị na-eme ntụli aka n'afọ 1890. Na mbụ, a na-ahapụkarị ndị ọcha na ule ịgụ na ide ma ọ bụrụ na ha ezute ihe ndị ọzọ achọrọ nke na-ewepu ndị isi ojii, dị ka nkwubi okwu nna nna, ma ọ bụ nchọpụta nke "ezi omume", nke a na-ajụkarị akaebe nke ndị ọcha, ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ọkachasị ọtụtụ n'etiti ndị Southern mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị, megidere ikike ịtụ vootu ọ bụla na-abụghị ndị ọcha.   [citation needed]

Na Lassiter v. Northampton County Board of Elections (1959), Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States kwenyere na ule ịgụ na ide abụghị mmebi nke Nkwupụta Nchebe Ọha nke Ndezigharị nke Iri na Anọ ma ọ bụ nke Ndeziganya nke Iri na Ise. Steeti ndịda hapụrụ ule ịgụ na ide naanị mgbe iwu gọọmentị etiti manyere ya ime ya n'afọ ndị 1960. Iwu Civil Rights Act nke 1964 kwuru na a ga-eji akwụkwọ nyocha agụ na ide mee ihe dị ka iru eru maka ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ederede na naanị ndị gụsịrị ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ isii nke agụmakwụkwọ.


Iji belata ojiji nke ule ịgụ na ide, Congress wepụtara Iwu Ikike Ntụte nke 1965 Iwu ahụ machibidoro ikike inye ule ịgụ na ide, n'etiti usoro ndị ọzọ, nye ụmụ amaala nwetara agụmakwụkwọ nke isii n'ụlọ akwụkwọ America nke asụsụ kachasị bụ Spanish, dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Puerto Rico. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwadoro ndokwa a na Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966). Ọ bụ ezie na Ụlọikpe ahụ kwenyere na Lassiter na ule ịgụ na ide emeghị ka Ndezigharị nke Iri na Anọ, na Morgan, Ụlọikpe ahụ kwuru na Nzukọ nwere ike ịmanye ikike Ndezigharị Nke Iri na Anụ - dị ka ikike ịtụ vootu - site na ịmachibido omume ọ na-ewere na ọ na-emetụta ikike ndị dị otú ahụ, ọbụlagodi na omume ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ nke na-ekwekọghị n'onwe ya.

Dị ka e tiri na mbụ, Iwu Ikike Ntụziaka kwụsịtụrụ iji ule ịgụ na ide na mpaghara niile ebe ihe na-erughị 50% nke ndị bi na ya na-atụ vootu ka ọ dị na Nọvemba 1, 1964, ma ọ bụ vootu na Ntuli aka onye isi ala nke 1964. Nzukọ omebe iwu gbanwere Iwu ahụ na 1970 ma gbasaa mmachibido iwu maka ule ịgụ na ide na mba ahụ dum. [5]Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwadoro mmachibido iwu ahụ dị ka iwu na Oregon v. Mitchell (1970), mana naanị maka ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti. Ụlọikpe ahụ kewara nke ukwuu n'okwu a, ọtụtụ ndị ọka ikpe ekwekọrịtaghị na ihe kpatara ya.[6]

Ịkwaga mba ọzọ

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Ule ịgụ na ide bụ ngwaọrụ iji gbochie ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mbịarambịa ma ọ bụghị ịkpasu iwe ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ntụli aka agbụrụ. "Old" immigration (British, Dutch, Irish, German, Scandinavian) adaala ma jiri "ọhụrụ" si Italy, Russia na ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Southern na Eastern Europe dochie ya. Ndị mbịarambịa "ndị ochie" bụ ndị na-eme ntụli aka ma kwado nke ukwuu igbochi ndị mbịaramba "ọhụrụ". Ikpo okwu Republican nke 1896 kpọrọ maka ule ịgụ na ide.[7]

American Federation of Labor butere ụzọ n'ịkwalite ule ịgụ na ide nke ga-ewepu ndị mbịarambịa na-amaghị akwụkwọ, ọkachasị ndị si n'ebe ndịda na ndị ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe.[8]

Otú ọ dị, ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ chọrọ ndị ọrụ maka ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma na-emegide ihe mgbochi ọ bụla gbasara ịkwaga mba ọzọ. [9]N'afọ 1906, onye isi oche nke ụlọ Joseph Gurney Cannon, Onye Republican, rụsiri ọrụ ike iji merie ule agụ na ide maka ndị mbịarambịa. N'ịbụ ihe sitere na ókèala ọdịda anyanwụ, Cannon chere na omume ọma bụ naanị ule a na-anabata maka àgwà nke onye mbịarambịa. Ya na odeakwụkwọ nke steeti Elihu Root na onye isi ala Theodore Roosevelt rụkọtara ọrụ iji guzobe "Dillingham Commission," otu ndị ọkachamara na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke mepụtara nyocha nke iri anọ na otu banyere mbata. Kọmitii ahụ tụrụ aro ule ịgụ na ide na ohere nke oke kwa afọ. [10]Ndị isi ala Cleveland na Taft kwadoro ule ịgụ na ide na 1897 na 1913. Onye isi ala Wilson mere otu ihe ahụ na 1915 na 1917, mana ule ahụ gafere n'elu veto nke abụọ nke Wilson.[11]

Hụkwa

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  • Nnapụta ikike mgbe Oge Nrụzigharị gasịrị
  • Ndị a tọhapụrụ
  • Iwu Jim Crow

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ Literacy Tests and the Right To Vote - ConnecticutHistory.org. connecticuthistory.org (2 November 2020).
  2. ↑ Lake, Marilyn. (2006). Connected Worlds: History in Transnational Perspective. Australian National University, 209–230. ISBN 978-1-920942-45-8. OCLC 1135556055. 
  3. ↑ Literacy Tests and the Right to Vote (2 November 2020).
  4. ↑ Civil Rights Movement -- Literacy Tests & Voter Applications. www.crmvet.org.
  5. ↑ Williamson (1984). "The 1982 Amendments to the Voting Rights Act: A Statutory Analysis of the Revised Bailout Provisions". Washington University Law Review 62 (1): 5–9. Retrieved on August 29, 2013. 
  6. ↑ Tok ji (2006). "Intent and Its Alternatives: Defending the New Voting Rights Act". Alabama Law Review 58. Retrieved on July 29, 2015. 
  7. ↑ Gratton (2011). "Demography and Immigration Restriction in American History", in Goldstone: Political Demography: How Population Changes Are Reshaping International Security and National Politics. Oup USA, 159–75. ISBN 978-0-19-994596-2. 
  8. ↑ Lane (1984). "American Trade Unions, Mass Immigration and the Literacy Test: 1900–1917". Labor History 25 (1): 5–25. DOI:10.1080/00236568408584739. 
  9. ↑ Goldin (1994). "The political economy of immigration restriction in the United States, 1890 to 1921", The regulated economy: A historical approach to political economy. U. of Chicago Press, 223–258. ISBN 0-226-30110-9. 
  10. ↑ Zeidel (1995). "Hayseed Immigration Policy: 'Uncle Joe' Cannon and the Immigration Question". Illinois Historical Journal 88 (3): 173–188. 
  11. ↑ Bischoff (2002). Immigration Issues. Greenwood. ISBN 9780313311772. 

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Petit (2010). The Men and Women We Want: Gender, Race, and the Progressive Era Literacy Test Debate. University of Rochester Press. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Templeeti:Voting rights in the United StatesTempleeti:Literacy