Ọkụ ọhịa Indonesia nke afọ 1997

Mmetọ ikuku n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1997.

Ìgwè ọkụ ọhịa nkè 1997 na Indonesia nke dịgidere ruo na 1998 nwèrè ike ịbụ n'etiti abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị nke kachasị ukwuu, ìgwè ọkụ ọhịa na narị afọ abụọ gara-aga nke akụkọ ihe méré eme.

N'etiti afọ 1997, ọkụ ọhịa na-ere n'Indonesia bidoro imetụta mba ndị agbata obi, na-agbasa nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ na anwụrụ ọkụ gaa Malaysia na Singapore. Mgbè ahụ, Praịm Minista Malaysia bụ Mahathir Mohamad chọsiri ike màkà ihe ngwọta, ma dabere na atụmatụ nkè ónyé isi nke ngalaba ọkụ na nnapụta nke Malaysia zigara otu ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ Malaysia gafee Indonesia n'okpuru aha koodu Operation Haze.[1] Nké a bụ iji belata mmetụta nke Haze na akụ na ụba Malaysia. A na-eme atụmatụ na uru nke mmebi Haze na GDP Malaysia bụ 0.30 pasent.[2]

Mmiri ozuzo ógè na mbido Disemba wetara ezumike dị mkpirikpi mana n'ogè na-adịghị anya mgbè ọnọdụ ọkọchị na ọkụ laghachiri. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1997 na mmalite afọ 1998, Brunei, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines na Sri Lanka[3] enwetala anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na anwụrụ ọkụ nke ọkụ ọhịa. Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ọkụ ọhịa nke afọ 1997 n'ikpeazụ, ihe karịrị nde hekta asatọ nke ala gbara ọkụ ébé ọtụtụ nde mmadụ tara ahụhụ site na mmetọ ikuku.

Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya

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Ọkụ ọhịa Indonesian nke afọ 1997 sitere na mgbanwe nke ojiji ala nke méré ka oké ọhịa na-ekpo ọkụ nwee ike ịgba ọkụ n'ogè ụkọ mmiri ozuzo metụtara El Niño nke afọ ahụ. Oké ọhịa Indonesia anọwo na-eguzogide ọkụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ọbụna n'ogè ogologo ógè ọkọchị na n'agbanyeghị iji ọkụ mee ihe iji kpochapụ ala màkà ọrụ ugbo. Mgbanwe nke iji ala eme ihe nke dugara n'ọkụ ahụ bụ ngwakọta nke ịkpụ osisi n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ịdọrọ ala peat maka ntụgharị gaa na nkwụ mmanụ na osisi osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa, yana nnukwu mmemme gọọmentị iji kpochapụ ala mmiri ma gbanwee ha ka ha bụrụ ubi osikapa.[4] Ngụkọta nke mmadụ narị abụọ na iri anọ nwụrụ n'ọkụ ọhịa ahụ.[5]

N'ihi nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke ọkụ ahụ kpatara, otu Airbus A300 na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 dara mgbè ọ na-eru nso n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Polonia nke Medan. Mmadụ narị abụọ na iri atọ na ano niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ nwụrụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe mberede kachasị njọ n'akụkọ ihe méré eme nke Indonesia.

Ọnụ ego a tụrụ anya ya

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A na-eme atụmatụ na ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa akụ na ụba nke mmebi ahụ bụ US $ 4.47 ijeri, nke Indonesia buuru òkè kachasị ukwuu.[6] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-ewepu ọtụtụ mmebi nke siri ike ịlele ma ọ bụ jiri ya tụnyere ego, dị ka ọnwụ nke ndụ mmadụ, mmetụta ahụike ogologo ógè, na ụfọdụ ọnwụ nke ụdị dị íchè íchè.

A na-eme atụmatụ na ọkụ ọhịa na Indonesia n'afọ 1997 ka ọ tọhapụrụ n'etiti 0.81 na 2.57 gigatonnes nke carbon n'ime ikuku, nke dị n'etiti pasent iri na atọ na irí ano nke ikuku carbon dioxide kwà afọ site na ọkụ ọkụ.[7]

Dị ka akụkụ nke nzọụkwụ e mèrè iji zere ugboro ugboro nke Haze, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) kwadoro mkpa màkà usoro ịdọ áká ná ntị n'oge na Regional Haze Action Plan (RHAP) n'afọ 1998 iji gbochie ọkụ ọhịa na anwụrụ ọkụ na-esi na ya apụta site na iwu nchịkwa na mmanye ka mmá, ihe atụ site na Fire Danger Rating System (FDRS).[8]

Mba ndị metụtara

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  •  Indonesia
  •  Singapore
  •  Malaysia
  •  Thailand
  •  Brunei
  •  Vietnam
  •  Philippines
  •  Sri Lanka

Hụkwa

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  • Nkọwa nke ịdị mma nke ikuku
  • Ndepụta ụkpụrụ mmetọ
  • Haze
  • 2005 Malaysian anwụrụ ọkụ
  • 2006 Ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia
  • Ọkụ na ọkụ
  • Igwe ojii na-acha nchara nchara nke Eshia
  • 1997 Anwụrụ ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia
  • 2015 Ọkụ nke Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia

Ọchịagha:

  • Ndepụta ọdachi na Indonesia

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ New Straits Times - Nov 8, 1997
  2. ↑ Indonesia's Fires and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe By David Glover, Timothy Jessup, page 46
  3. ↑ Jim (1999). Geography Vol. 84, No. 3 (The Forest Fires in Indonesia 1997-98: Possible Causes and Pervasive Consequences). Geographical Association. 
  4. ↑ Seymour (2016). Why Forests? Why Now?: The Science, Economics, and Politics of Tropical Forests and Climate Change (in en). Center for Global Development. ISBN 9781933286853. 
  5. ↑ Capter 3 It Only Takes A Spark: The Hazard of Wildfires. Brookings.edu. Retrieved on 24 July 2018.
  6. ↑ Glover (2006). Indonesia's Fires and Haze: The Cost of Catastrophe (in en). IDRC. ISBN 9781552503324. 
  7. ↑ Indonesia Rainforest Fires Doubled CO2 Levels Globally, Cat Lazaroff, Albion Monitor, 5 November 2002
  8. ↑ OPERATIONAL FDR IN MALAYSIA AND ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIA NATIONS. Archived from the original on 2022-12-15. Retrieved on 2023-04-24.

Njikọ mpụga

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