Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri

Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri

obere ụdị nke	ọrịa ọrịa
ihe kpatara ya	mmetọ mmiri, microorganism, virus
has immediate cause	water-borne transmission
health specialty	infectious diseases
mgbaàmà na akara	afọ ọsịsa
has contributing factor	ịda ogbenye
relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator	Target 3.3 of the Sustainable Development Goals

Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute mmiri bụ ọnọdụ (nke pụtara mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ, dị ka ọnwụ, nkwarụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ nsogbu) nke ihe kpatara ya bu kirikiri nje ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.^[1] Nnyocha nke nje pathogenic bụ ihe na-ebute ụzọ n'ilekwasị anya n'ụwa niile dị ka isiokwu dị ngwa ngwa nke nyocha.^[2] Enwere ike ịgbasa ọrịa ndị a mgbe ị na-asa ahụ, ịsa ihe, mgba a na-aṅụ mmiri, ma ọ bụ site na iri nri e ji mmiri rụrụ arụ wee si.^[2] Ha bụ okwu dị mkpa n'ime ime obodo n'etiti mba ndị na-emepe emepe n'ụwa niile. Ọ bụ ezie na afọ ọsịsa na ịgbọ agbọ bụ ihe mgbaàmà a na-akọkarị banyere ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri, mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgụnye akpụkpọ ahụ, ntị, iku ume, ma ọ bụ nsogbu anya.^[3] Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute mmiri na-emetụta akụ na ụba mba ma na-emetụtakwa akụ na ụba site n'ịdị oké ọnụ iji dozie ya.

Umu nje na-akpata ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri n'ụzọ pụtara ìhè gụnyere protozoa na nje bacteria, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nje eriri afọ, ma ọ bụ na-awakpo anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ usoro mgbasa ozi site na mgbidi nke usoro nri. Ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị iche iche a na-ebute na mmiri bụ nke nje virus kpatara. (N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike nkà ihe ọmụma metụtara ịkọwa nje dị ka "ụmụ nje," ọ dị irè ma dị mma ile ha anya dị ka ụmụ nje na njikọ a.)

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ bụ nje metazoan na-akpata ụdị ọrịa ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke mmiri. Ihe atụ ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere ụfọdụ Nematoda, ya bụ "roundworms". Dị ka ihe atụ nke ọrịa Nematode na-ebute mmiri, otu ọrịa nematode dị mkpa nke mmiri bụ Dracunculiasis . A na-enweta ya site na ilo mmiri nke ụfọdụ copepoda dị na ya nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-ebute Nematoda. Onye ọ bụla na-eloda copepod nke butere Nematode larvae na genus Dracunculus, na-ebute ọrịa. Ụmụ irighiri na-akpata ọrịa Guinea worm.^[4]

Klas ọzọ nke nje metazoan a na-ebute na mmiri bụ ụfọdụ ndị otu Schistosomatidae, ezinụlọ nke ọbara flukes. Ha na-ebutekarị ndị na-emetụ akpụkpọ ahụ na mmiri.^[4] Ọbara flukes bụ nje na-akpata Schistosomiasis nke ụdị dị iche iche, na-emetụta ọtụtụ narị nde mmadụ n'ụwa niile.^[5]

Usoro okwu

A na-echekwa okwu ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmetụta ahụ ma ọ bụ oriri nke mmiri nke meturu. Enwere ike ibute ọtụtụ ọrịa site na nje ma ọ bụ nje ndị, ikekwe n'ihi ọnọdụ pụrụ iche, banyere na mmiri. Otú ọ dị, eziokwu ahụ bụ na enwere ike ibute ọrịa mgbe ụfọdụ apụtaghị na ọ bara uru ịhazi ọrịa ahụ dị ka "nke mmiri na-ebute". Ọ bụghịkwa ihe a na-ahụkarị na-ezo aka na ọrịa ndị dị ka ịba dị ka "nke mmiri na-ebute" naanị n'ihi na anwụnta nwere oge ha na-anọ na mmiri n'usoro ndụ ha, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ịgwọ mmiri ha bi na ya bụ atụmatụ dị irè iji chupu anwụnta bụ ndị na-ebute ya.

Okwu metụtara ya bụ "ọrịa metụtara mmiri" nke a kọwara dị ka "mmetụta ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama ma ọ bụ gbasaa na ahụike mmadụ, dị ka ọnwụ, nkwarụ, ọrịa ma ọ bụ nsogbu, nke ọnọdụ ahụ kpatara kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọ bụla. A na-ejikọta ọrịa ndị metụtara mmiri dịka usoro nnyefe ha si dị: nke mmiri na-ebute, ịdị ọcha mmiri, nke dabeere na mmiri na nke metụtara mmiri. Isi ụzọ mbufe maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri bụ ịñụ mmiri na-emerụ ahụ.^[1][1]

Ihe kpatara ya

Enweghị mmiri dị ọcha, adịghị ọcha bụ isi ihe na-akpata mgbasa nke ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri n'obodo. Ụzọ nsị na ọnụ bụ ụzọ mbufe ọrịa maka ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri.

Ida ogbenye na-ewelite ihe ize ndụ nke obodo na-emetụta ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa akụ na ụba nke obodo na-emetụta ikike ha ịnweta mmiri e kpochapụrụ.^[6] E nwere obodo ndịda Eshia na-enweghị nkwụsi ike akụ na ụba iji nye mmiri dị ọcha.^[7] Inwe ego dị ala metụtara ezinụlọ na-emefu obere ego na mmiri.^[7] Socio-economics na-ejikọta obere agụmakwụkwọ, nke na-ejikọta na obere ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.^[7] Mpaghara ndị mepere emepe dị ka Saggian enweghị paịpụ dị ugbu a ma ọ bụ zuru ezu iji nye mmiri ma ọ bụ usoro ebe mmiri sị aga.^[7] Mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ maka ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri mana mpaghara ndị mepere emepe nọkwa n'ihe ize ndụ maka ntiwapụ ọrịa na-ebute mmiri.^[8] Mmiri na-abịa site na mmiri nke onwe nwere ohere dị elu nke igbasa ọrịa dịka gastroenteritis karịa mmiri ọha na eze (gọọmenti na-achịkwa).^[8]

Ọrịa site n'ụdị pathogen

Protozoa

Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi[3][9]	Onye na-ahụ maka nje	Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri	Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu
Acanthamoeba keratitis (ịcha lenses kọntaktị na mmiri rụrụ arụ)	<i id="mwdA">Acanthamoeba</i> spp. (A. castellanii na A. polyphaga)	amoebae na-ebi ndụ n'efu nke a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ụdị gburugburu mmiri, gụnyere mmiri elu, mmiri pọmpụ, ọdọ mmiri igwu mmiri, na ngwọta lens kọntaktị	Ihe mgbu anya, anya na-acha uhie uhie, ọhụụ na-adịghị mma, mmetụta nke ìhè, mmetụta nke ihe dị n'anya, na oke ịdọka
Amoebiasis (aka na ọnụ)	Protozoan (Entamoeba histolytica) (ọdịdị dị ka cyst)	Mmiri nsị, mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị edozi, ijiji na mmiri, nnyefe ọnụ mmiri (ọ bụrụ na onye nke ọzọ nwere ọrịa ahụ)	Ahụ erughị ala n'afọ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu arọ, afọ ọsịsa, ịba ụba, ahụ ọkụ
Cryptosporidiosis (ọnụ)	Protozoan (Cryptosporidium parvum)	Na-anakọta na nzacha mmiri na membranes nke a na-enweghị ike ikpochapụ, nsị anụmanụ, mmiri mmiri na-asọpụ n'oge.	Ihe mgbaàmà ndị yiri flu, afọ ọsịsa mmiri, enweghị agụụ, nnukwu ọnwụ nke ibu, ịba ụba, mmụba gas, ọgbụgbọ
Cyclosporiasis	Protozoan parasite (Cyclospora cayetanensis)	Mmiri nsị, mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-adịghị edozi	ọnyá, ọgbụgbọ, agbọ, ahụ mgbu, ahụ ọkụ, na ike ọgwụgwụ
Giardiasis (fecal-oral) (aka-to-mouth)	Protozoan (Giardia lamblia) Ihe kachasị na-ahụkarị n'ime afọ	Mmiri a na-agwọghị agwọ, ikpochapụ nje na-adịghị mma, nkwụsị paịpụ, ịgbapụta, mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala, ogige ebe ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa na-eji otu isi iyi mmiri. Beavers na muskrats na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri maka Giardia.	Afọ ọsịsa, ahụ erughị ala n'afọ, ịba ụba, na flatulence
Microsporidiosis	Protozoan phylum (Microsporidia), mana o nwere njikọ chiri anya na fungi	Achọpụtala Encephalitozoon intestinalis na mmiri dị n'ime ala, mmalite nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ[10]	Afọ ọsịsa na ịla n'iyi n'ime ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe.
Naegleriasis (primary amebic meningoencephalitis [PAM]) (nasal)	Protozoan (Naegleria fowleri) (ọdịdị dị ka cyst)	Egwuregwu mmiri, mmiri na-abụghị chlorinated	Isi ọwụwa, ịgbọ agbọ, mgbagwoju anya, enweghị nguzozi, mmetụta ìhè, ọhụụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, ọnwụ ibu, ahụ ọkụ, na coma

Bacteria

Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi[11][12]	Onye na-ahụ maka nje	Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri	Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu
Botulism	Clostridium botulinum	Bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ọnyá na-emeghe site na isi iyi mmiri rụrụ arụ. Nwere ike ịbanye na eriri afọ site na ịṅụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ na-emerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ (nke a na-ahụkarị) nri	Ọnụ akọrọ, ọhụụ na / ma ọ bụ ọhụụ abụọ, ihe isi ike ilo, adịghị ike muscle, nsogbu iku ume, okwu na-adịghị mma, agbọ na mgbe ụfọdụ afọ ọsịsa. Ọnwụ na-abụkarị site na nsogbu iku ume.
Campylobacteriosis	Ọ bụ Campylobacter jejuni na-akpatakarị ya	Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke nsị merụrụ ahụ	Ọ na-emepụta ihe mgbaàmà dị ka ọbara ọgbụgba tinyere nnukwu ahụ ọkụ. Ọ na-ewekarị ụbọchị 2-10.
Ọgba ọgbụgbọ	Gbasaa site na nje Vibrio cholerae	Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke nje bacteria merụrụ ahụ	N'ụdị siri ike, a maara na ọ bụ otu n'ime ọrịa ndị na-egbu ngwa ngwa a maara. Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere afọ ọsịsa mmiri, ọgbụgbọ, ọnyá, ọbara imi, ngwa ngwa, agbọ, na hypovolemic shock (n'ọnọdụ ndị siri ike), n'oge ahụ ọnwụ nwere ike ime n'ime awa 12–18.
Ọrịa E. coli	Ụfọdụ ụdị Escherichia coli (nke a na-akpọkarị E. coli)	Mmiri nke nje bacteria merụrụ ahụ	Karịsịa afọ ọsịsa. Nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ n'ime ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe, ndị na-eto eto, na ndị agadi n'ihi ụkọ mmiri site na ọrịa ogologo oge.
Ọrịa M. marinum	Mycobacterium marinum	Dị ka ọ na-emekarị na mmiri, ọtụtụ ọnọdụ site na ikpughe na ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ karịa aquariums; ọrịa na-adịghị ahụkebe ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebute ndị nwere ọrịa mgbochi ọrịa	Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere ọnyá na-adịkarị n'ikpere aka, ikpere, na ụkwụ (site na ọdọ mmiri) ma ọ bụ ọnyá n'aka (aquariums). Ọnyá nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-enweghị mgbu ma ọ bụ ihe mgbu.
Dysentery	Ihe kpatara ya bụ ọtụtụ ụdị n'ụdị Shigella na Salmonella na nke kachasị bụrụ Shigella dysenteriae	Mmiri nke nje bacteria merụrụ ahụ	Ọ na-agafe nsị ugboro ugboro na ọbara na / ma ọ bụ ute na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ịgbọ ọbara.
Legionellosis (ụdị abụọ dị iche iche: ọrịa Legionnaires na Pontiac fever)	Ọ bụ nje bacteria nke Legionella kpatara ya (90% nke ikpe ndị Legionella pneumophila kpatara)	Legionella bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ; mana ọ na-akpata ọrịa siri ike mgbe a na-eme ya.[13][14]	Pontiac fever na-emepụta mgbaàmà dị nro nke yiri nnukwu influenza na-enweghị pneumonia. Ọrịa Legionnaires nwere mgbaàmà siri ike dị ka ahụ ọkụ, oyi, oyi n'ahụ (na ọgbụgbọ nke na-emepụta sputum mgbe ụfọdụ), ataxia, anorexia, muscle aches, malaise na mgbe ụfọdụ afọ ọsịsa na vomiting
Leptospirosis	N'ihi nje bacteria nke genus Leptospira	Mmiri nke urine anụmanụ na-ebute nje bacteria merụrụ	Ọ na-amalite site na mgbaàmà yiri flu wee dozie. Nkeji nke abụọ na-emezi nke gụnyere meningitis, mmebi imeju (na-akpata jaundice), na ọdịda akụrụ
Otitis Externa (ntị onye na-egwu mmiri)	Ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị nje bacteria na fungal kpatara ya.	igwu mmiri n'ime mmiri nke nje ndị na-akpata ya merụrụ	Ọwa ntị na-afụ ụfụ, na-akpata ihe mgbu na nro na mmetụ aka
Salmonellosis	Ihe kpatara ọtụtụ nje bacteria nke genus Salmonella	Mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke nje bacteria metọrọ. A na-ahụkarị dị ka ọrịa na-ebute nri.	Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere afọ ọsịsa, ahụ ọkụ, ịgbọ agbọ, na afọ mgbu
Ọrịa Typhoid fever	<i id="mwAWg">Salmonella typhi</i>	Inye mmiri nke nsị nke onye butere ọrịa	E gosipụtara ya site na ahụ ọkụ na-adịgide adịgide ruo 40 ° C (104 ° F), ọsụsọ dị ukwuu; afọ ọsịsa, ahụ mgbu, ike ọgwụgwụ, na ọgbụgbọ nwere ike ime. Ihe mgbaàmà na-aga n'ihu na delirium, na spleen na imeju na-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọghị ya. N'okwu a, ọ nwere ike ịdịru izu anọ ma kpatara ọnwụ. Ụfọdụ ndị nwere ọrịa typhoid fever na-enwe ọnyá a na-akpọ "rose spots", obere ntụpọ uhie n'afọ na obi.
Ọrịa Vibrio	Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, na Vibrio parahaemolyticus	Nwere ike ịbanye na ọnyá site na mmiri rụrụ arụ. A na-enwetakwa ya site n'ịṅụ mmiri rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ iri oysters a na-esighị esi.	Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere nro afọ, ọgba aghara, oche ọbara, oyi, mgbagwoju anya, ihe isi ike ịṅa ntị (nlebara anya), delirium, ọnọdụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọhụụ, ọbara imi, ike ọgwụgwụ siri ike, nwayọ, umengwụ, mmetụta ịda mbà, adịghị ike.

Nje virus

Hepatitis A virusHepatitis A bụ otu n'ime ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri na mgbaàmà ya dị oke njọ. Ihe mgbaàmà gụnyere ike ọgwụgwụ, ahụ ọkụ, wdg.

Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi[10][15][3][16][17]	Onye na-ahụ maka nje	Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri	Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu
Ọrịa ịba ọcha n'anya A	Hepatitis A virus (HAV)	Nwere ike igosipụta onwe ya na mmiri (na nri)	Ihe mgbaàmà dị oke njọ (ọ dịghị ọkwa na-adịghị ala ala na nje ahụ) ma na-agụnye ike ọgwụgwụ, ahụ ọkụ, ọrịa, mgbu afọ, ọgbụgbọ, afọ ọsịsa, ọnwụ arọ, itching, jaundice, na ịda mbà n'obi.
Hepatitis E (fecal-oral)	Hepatitis E virus (HEV)	Ọ na-abanye na mmiri site na nsị nke ndị butere ọrịa	Ihe mgbaàmà nke ịba ọcha n'anya (ọrịa imeju), gụnyere ahụ ọkụ, ike ọgwụgwụ, enweghị agụụ, ọgbụgbọ, agbọ, mgbu afọ, jaundice, urine gbara ọchịchịrị, nsị na-acha ụrọ, na mgbu nkwonkwo
Ọrịa afọ siri ike [AGI] ( nsị-ọnụ; gbasaa site na nri, mmiri, mmadụ na onye, na fomites)	Norovirus	Ọ na-abanye na mmiri site na nsị nke ndị butere ọrịa	Afọ ọsịsa, agbọ, ọgbụgbọ, mgbu afọ
Poliomyelitis (Polio)	Poliovirus	Ọ na-abanye na mmiri site na nsị nke ndị butere ọrịa	90-95% nke ndị ọrịa adịghị egosi mgbaàmà ọ bụla, 4-8% nwere obere mgbaàmà (n'iji ya tụnyere) na delirium, isi ọwụwa, ahụ ọkụ, na njide mgbe ụfọdụ, na nkwarụ spastic, 1% nwere mgbaàmà nke meningitis aseptic na-abụghị paralytic. Ndị ọzọ nwere mgbaàmà siri ike nke na-akpata nkwarụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ
Ọrịa Polyomavirus	Abụọ nke Polyomavirus: nje JC na nje BK	N'ọtụtụ ebe, nwere ike igosipụta onwe ya na mmiri, ~ 80% nke ndị bi na ya nwere nje Polyomavirus	Nje BK na-emepụta obere ọrịa iku ume ma nwee ike ibute akụrụ nke ndị ọrịa na-egbochi ọrịa. Nje JC na-ebute usoro iku ume, akụrụ ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịkpata leukoencephalopathy na-aga n'ihu na ụbụrụ (nke na-egbu egbu).

Algae

Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi[18]	Onye na-ahụ maka nje	Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri	Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu
Ọrịa Desmodesmus	desmodesmus armatus	Dị ka ọ na-eme na mmiri. Nwere ike ịbanye na ọnyá mepere emepe.	Yiri ọrịa fungal.

Nkpuru nje

Ọrịa na mgbasa ozi[4][3]	Onye ọrụ	Isi mmalite nke onye ọrụ na mmiri	Ihe mgbaàmà n'ozuzu
Dracunculiasis [Guinea worm disease] (ingestion of contaminated water)	Dracunculus medinensis	Nwanyị ikpuru na-apụta site na akpụkpọ anụ ma na-ewepụta larvae na mmiri.	Obere ahụ ọkụ, ọzịza, ọgbụgbọ, agbọ, afọ ọsịsa, isi ọwụwa, na-esote ịmepụta blister na-egbu mgbu (nke a na-emekarị na akụkụ ahụ dị ala)

Mgbochi

Ịnweta mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha bụ ụzọ ndị bụ isi e ji gbochie ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.^[19] Ebumnuche ya bụ imebi ụzọ nsị na ọnụ nke ibufe ọrịa.

Epidemiology

Dị ka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa si kwuo, ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri na-eme atụmatụ 3.6% nke ngụkọta DALY (afọ ndụ a gbanwere nkwarụ) ibu ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ, ma na-akpata ihe dị ka otu nde mmadụ na pụkụ narị ise na-anwụ kwa afọ. Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa na-eme atụmatụ na pasent iri ise na asatọ nke ibu ahụ, ma ọ bụ ọnwụ pụkụ narị asatọ na pụkụ iri anọ na abụọ kwa afọ, bụ n'ihi enweghị mmiri ọṅụṅụ dị mma, ịdị ọcha (nke a chịkọtara dị ka WASH).^[19]

United States

Usoro Nlekọta Ọrịa Mmiri na Ọrịa (WBDOSS) bụ isi nchekwa data eji achọpụta ndị na-akpata ya, ụkọ, usoro mmiri, na isi mmalite ndị metụtara ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri na ntiwapụ na United States. Kemgbe afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa na Mgbochi Ọrịa (CDC), Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), na US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) edebewo usoro nyocha a maka ịnakọta na ịkọ data banyere "ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri na ntiwapụ metụtara mmiri ntụrụndụ, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na ikpughe mmiri a na-amaghị ama. "^[20][21] "Data sitere na WBDOSS akwadola mgbalị EPA iji mepụta ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma nye nduzi maka ọrụ mmiri ntụrụndụ nke CDC. "^[20][21]

WBDOSS na-adabere na data zuru ezu na nke ziri ezi site na ngalaba ahụike ọha na eze na steeti, ókèala, na ikike ndị ọzọ nke United States gbasara ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri na ọrụ mgbawa. N'afọ 2009, ịkọ akụkọ na WBDOSS gbanwere site n'ụdị akwụkwọ gaa na kọmputa National Outbreak Reporting System (NORS).^[20] E bipụtara akụkọ nyocha kwa afọ ma ọ bụ nke afọ abụọ nke data ndị WBDOSS chịkọtara na akụkọ CDC site na 1971 ruo 1984; kemgbe 1985, e bipụtara data nyocha na Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR).^[20]

WBDOSS na ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji leba anya n'ihe kpatara mmiri rụrụ arụ na-eduga na ntiwapụ ọrịa na-ebute mmiri ma na-enwe ntiwapụ ndị ahụ. Ha na-eme nke a site n'ime ka ndị ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze nyochaa ntiwapụ ahụ na WBDOSS nata akụkọ ndị ahụ.^[20]

Society na omenala

Mmetụta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya

Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụ na ụba, na mpaghara yana mba ụwa. Ndị na-ebute ọrịa ndia a na-ebute na mmiri na-enwekarị ụgwọ ndị metụtara ya ma na-abụkarị nnukwu ibu ego. Nke a bụ okwu karịsịa na mba ndị mepere emepe. A na-akwụkarị mmefu ego site na ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike na ọgwụ, ụgwọ maka njem, nri pụrụ iche, na site na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ. Ọtụtụ ezinụlọ aghaghị ire ala ha iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka ọgwụgwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Na nkezi, ezinụlọ na-emefu ihe dị ka pasent iri nke ego ezinụlọ kwa ọnwa kwa onye butere ya.^[22]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

E nwere mgbe a kọwara ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi site n'echiche miasma, echiche na ikuku ọjọọ na-akpata mgbasa nke ọrịa.^[23][24] Otú ọ dị, ndị mmadụ malitere ịchọta njikọ dị n'etiti ịdị mma mmiri na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri, nke dugara n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ịsacha mmiri, dị ka nzacha ájá na ịgwọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ha. Ndị guzobere microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek na Robert Hooke, jiri igwe nyocha ahụ mepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji hụ obere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a kwụgidere na mmiri, wee tọọ ntọala maka nghọta nke nje ndị na-ebute mmiri na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute na mmiri.^[25]

Hụkwa

• Ọrịa ikuku
• Microbiology nri
• Ọrịa amebic na-ebi ndụ n'efu
• Ndepụta nke ọrịa ndị mmetọ mmiri kpatara
• Ahụike ọha na eze
• Vector (epidemiology)
• Ọdịdị mmiri
• Zoonosis

Ebensidee

1. Von Sperling (2015). "Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal" (in en). Water Intelligence Online 6: 9781780402086. DOI:10.2166/9781780402086. ISSN 1476-1777. 
2. Water-Borne Diseases (en). News-Medical.net (2018-05-14). Retrieved on 2021-10-27.
3. (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality., World Health Organization, Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. ISBN 9789241549950. OCLC 975491910. 
4. (1996) Gerald D. Schmidt & Larry S. Roberts' Foundations of parasitology. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown. ISBN 978-0-697-26071-0. 
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Global Migration and Quarantine (DGMQ) (2011). "Chapter 3", CDC Health Information for International Travel 2012. The Yellow Book. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-976901-8. 
6. (October 2020) "Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: A review". Environmental Research 192: 110309. DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110309. PMID 33045227. 
7. (2012-06-30) "Water-borne diseases, cost of illness and willingness to pay for diseases interventions in rural communities of developing countries". Iranian Journal of Public Health 41 (6): 39–49. PMID 23113192. 
8. (December 2006) "Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003". Epidemiology and Infection 134 (6): 1141–9. DOI:10.1017/S0950268806006406. PMID 16690002. 
9. (December 2011) "Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2004-2010". Water Research 45 (20): 6603–14. DOI:10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.013. PMID 22048017. 
10. (June 2004) "Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all?". Current Opinion in Biotechnology 15 (3): 175–80. DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2004.04.010. PMID 15193323. Retrieved on 2007-08-09. 
11. (December 2006) "Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water--United States, 2003-2004". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries 55 (12): 1–30. PMID 17183230. 
12. (October 2006) "Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 25 (10): 609–13. DOI:10.1007/s10096-006-0201-4. PMID 17047903. 
13. Legionnaires' Disease eTool: Facts and FAQs. www.osha.gov. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved on 29 April 2018.
14. Legionella - Causes and Transmission - Legionnaires - CDC. www.cdc.gov (8 December 2017). Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved on 29 April 2018.
15. (September 2005) "Comparative inactivation of adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71 (9): 5633–6. DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.9.5633-5636.2005. PMID 16151167. 
16. (June 2015) "Waterborne Viruses: A Barrier to Safe Drinking Water". PLOS Pathogens 11 (6): e1004867. DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004867. PMID 26110535. 
17. Hepatitis A (en). www.who.int. Retrieved on 2020-11-19.
18. (March 2015) "Infection with a chlorophyllic eukaryote after a traumatic freshwater injury". The New England Journal of Medicine 372 (10): 982–4. DOI:10.1056/NEJMc1401816. PMID 25738686. 
19. Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved on April 5, 2014. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO" defined multiple times with different content
20. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
21. (2004) Methods for the investigation and prevention of waterborne disease outbreaks; EPA/600/1-90/005A. Health Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. OCLC 41657130. 
22. Schnabel. Drastic consequences of diarrhoeal disease. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
23. (2007-02-01) Environmental History of Water (in en). IWA Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84339-110-4. 
24. ESSAI | College Publications | College of DuPage. dc.cod.edu. Retrieved on 2020-11-24.
25. The Use of the Microscope in Water Filter History. Retrieved on 2012-12-17.

Njikọ mpụga

• Ọrịa ndị metụtara mmiri, ihe na-emerụ ahụ, na mmerụ ahụ Ndepụta nke ọrịa ndị metụtara mmiri, ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ na mmerụ ahụ na ndepụta mkpụrụ edemede, ndepụta site n'ụdị ọrịa (bacterial, parasitic, wdg) na ndepụta site na mgbaàmà kpatara (ọrịa afọ ọsịsa, akpụkpọ ahụ, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ) gụnyere njikọ na ihe ndị ọzọ (CDC's Healthy Water site)
• Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO) "Ọrịa Ndị metụtara Mmiri"