Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Iwu Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Nile

 

The Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) bụ òtù iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-enweghị uru nke ọha na eze nke dị na Washington, DC, nwere ọfịs na Geneva, Switzerland.[1] E hiwere ya na 1989.[2] Ndị otu CIEL na-ezube iji "ike iwu chebe gburugburu ebe obibi, ịkwalite ikike mmadụ, ma hụ na ọha mmadụ ziri ezi ma na-adịgide adịgide. CIEL na-achọ ụwa ebe iwu na-egosipụta njikọ dị n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-akwanyere ókè nke mbara ala ùgwù, na-echebe ùgwù na nha nhata nke onye ọ bụla, ma na-agba ndị niile bi n'ụwa ume ibi na ibe ha.[3] Ha na-enyere aka ịkụziri òtù, ụlọ ọrụ, na ọha na eze ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme nchọpụta nke ha.[3] Carroll Muffett bụ onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke CIEL kemgbe Septemba 2010.[4][5] CIEL na mmemme ọzụzụ iwu.[6][7][8]

Nsogbu

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike kewaa ọrụ CIEL na mmemme anọ: Ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ike; Ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi; Akụ na ụba fossil, na ndị mmadụ, ala na akụ.[1] Omume iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ gụnyere "ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji melite ụkpụrụ nchekwa, ịbawanye ohere ịnweta ozi site na Early Warning System, yana ịkwado nkwado na mkpesa nke obodo na usoro ịza ajụjụ nke ụlọ akụ dị iche iche".[9] Mpaghara ndị na-adọrọ mmasị gụnyere ụdị dị iche iche, kemịkal, mgbanwe ihu igwe, ikike mmadụ, ikike gburugburu ebe obibi, ụlọ ọrụ ego mba ụwa, iwu na obodo, plastik, na azụmahịa na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.[10]

Nnyocha

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CIEL ebipụtala ọtụtụ akụkọ nyocha na isiokwu. Smoke and Fumes (2017) nyochara mbọ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas na-agba iji kwado sayensị na mgbasa ozi nke ịgọnahụ ihu igwe, a kpọtụrụ ya aha na ikpe ihu igwe megide ndị isi carbon.[11][12][13] Plastic & Health (2019) na Plastic & Climate (2019) egosila n'akwụkwọ ndị na-achọ ịkọwa mmetụta nke nsogbu plastik na ahụike, ihu igwe, na gburugburu ebe obibi.[14][15][16][17] Na 2020, Pandemic Crisis, Systemic Decline nyochara mbọ ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ, gas, na petrochemical na-agba iji ọrịa COVID-19 maka uru nke ha.[18][19] N'afọ 2022, e bipụtara Pushing Back, akụkọ banyere mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ petrochemical na ihe nke ahụ pụtara maka obodo.[20][21]

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Center for International Environmental Law - CIEL. Geneva Environmental Network (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15."Center for International Environmental Law - CIEL". Geneva Environmental Network. n.d. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  2. ↑ Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL). Charity Navigator (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Center for International Environmental Law/The. Bloomberg (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  4. ↑ Jacobo (2022-04-20). Experts predict lasting environmental damage from Russia's invasion of Ukraine. ABC News. Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  5. ↑ CIEL Announces Carroll Muffett as New President and CEO. CIEL (2010-09-20). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  6. ↑ Center for International Environmental Law Spring 2021 Legal Intern. Harvard University (2020-09-21). Archived from the original on 2020-12-04. Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  7. ↑ MASTER'S EXTERNSHIPS. Vermont Law School (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  8. ↑ Sohn Fellowship. CIEL (2015). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  9. ↑ CENTER FOR INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (CIEL). Coalition for Human Rights in Development (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  10. ↑ UN human rights experts urge treaty to address 'plastic tide'. United Nations Human Rights (2022-02-22). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  11. ↑ Smoke & Fumes. Smoke & Fumes (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  12. ↑ Mulvey (2017-08-24). ExxonMobil Attacks New Study That Exposes Its Climate Deception…Again.. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  13. ↑ Grasso. [[[:Templeeti:Google books]] From Big Oil to Big Green: Holding the Oil Industry to Account for the Climate Crisis]. 
  14. ↑ Alberts (2021-10-22). Plastics set to overtake coal plants on U.S. carbon emissions, new study shows. Mongabay. Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  15. ↑ Plastic & Climate: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet (May 2019). CIEL (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  16. ↑ Plastic & Health: The Hidden Costs of a Plastic Planet (February <r2019). CIEL (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  17. ↑ Rubio-Domingo (2022). Making Plastics Emossions Transparent. Coalition on Materials Emissions Transparency. Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  18. ↑ Pandemic Crisis, Systemic Decline: Why Exploiting the COVID-19 Crisis Will Not Save the Oil, Gas, and Plastic Industries (April 2020). CIEL (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  19. ↑ Paremoer (2021). "Covid-19 pandemic and the social determinants of health". BMJ 372: n129. DOI:10.1136/bmj.n129. PMID 33509801. 
  20. ↑ Pushing Back: A Guide for Frontline Communities Challenging Petrochemical Expansion (May 2022). CIEL (n.d.). Retrieved on 2022-05-15.
  21. ↑ Noor (2022-04-12). Fighting Off a Petrochemical Future in the Ohio River Valley. Yes! Magazine. Retrieved on 2022-05-15.