Ti Mwesen (dati nga ammo ti naganna iti Mota iti Mosina ) ket ti maysa a pagsasao nga Oceaniko a naisasao iti abagatan akindaya a lugar ti Isla Vanua Lava , iti Is-isla Banks iti akin-amianan a Vanuatu , babaen dagiti agarup a 10 nga agsasao.[ 1]
Mangipakita ti Mwesen kadagiti adu a pannakaipada iti dominante a pagsasao ti isla iti Vurës , adu unay ti pannakaipadana ken maipagpagarup daytoy a dialekto ti agmaymaysa a pagsasao. Nupay kasta, nakaipakita dagiti panagadal a Mwesen ken Vurës ket addaan kadagiti naduduma a paggiddiatan, kas dagiti bukodda a sistema ti paaweng, kadagiti artikulo ti pangsandi,[ 2] ken kadagiti paradigma ti pangsandi.[ 3]
François, Alexandre (2005), "Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF) , Oceanic Linguistics , 44 (2): 443–504, doi :10.1353/ol.2005.0034 , S2CID 131668754
François, Alexandre (2007), "Noun articles in Torres and Banks languages: Conservation and innovation" , iti Siegel, Jeff; Lynch, John; Eades, Diana (dagiti ed.), Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic indulgence in memory of Terry Crowley , Creole Language Library 30, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 313–326, doi :10.1075/cll.30.30fra
François, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu" , iti Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (dagiti ed.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust , vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195
François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence" (PDF) , Journal of Historical Linguistics , 1 (2): 175–246, doi :10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra , hdl :1885/29283 .
François, Alexandre (2012), "The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages" (PDF) , International Journal of the Sociology of Language , 2012 (214): 85–110, doi :10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022 , S2CID 145208588
François, Alexandre (2015). "The ins and outs of up and down : Disentangling the nine geocentric space systems of Torres and Banks languages" (PDF) . Iti Alexandre François; Sébastien Lacrampe; Michael Franjieh; Stefan Schnell (dagiti ed.). The languages of Vanuatu: Unity and diversity . Studies in the Languages of Island Melanesia. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. pp. 137–195. ISBN 978-1-922185-23-5 .
François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF) , iti Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles , Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60 .
Opisial a pagsasao Dagiti indihenio a pagsasao
Sabali nga akinlaud a sangsanga
Tengnga a Malayo-Polinesio
Akindaya a Malayo-Polinesio
Mangibaga ti napuskol kadagiti pagsasao nga addaan iti ad-adu ngem 1 a riwriw nga agsasao Mangibaga ti ? indicates iti suppiat ti pannakaidasig Mangibaga ti † iti kasasaad a naungaw