ナルコノンの創設者であるウィリアム・C・ベニテズ(William C. Benitez)は、アリゾナ州立刑務所の元受刑者で麻薬犯罪のために服役していた[21]。彼の働きはサイエントロジーの創始者であるL・ロン・ハバードに支援されており、1972年にハバドは組織としてのナルコノンの設立を後押しした[22]ベニテズと2人のサエントロジー信者であるヘニング・
ヘルド(Henning Heldt)とアーサー・マレンによって共同で設立された。
この捜査には、最近の4人の患者の死亡が含まれる:ステイシー・ドーン・マーフィー(Stacy Dawn Murphy、20歳)は、2012年7月19日にナルコノン・アローヘッドで死亡した;ヒラリー・ホルテン(Hillary Holten、21歳)は、2012年4月11日に施設にて死体となって発見された; 32歳のガブリエル・グレイブス(Gabriel Graves)は、2011年10月26日にそこで死んだ;そして、28歳のケイジー・ダイアン・ワーニック(Kaysie Dianne Werninck)もまたナルコノン・アローヘッドの患者であり、2009年3月3日に死体で発見された[60][61][62]。
死亡についてのメディアでの注目の後、国立法廷弁護士協会(National Association of Forensic Counselors)は、何人かのナルコノン・アローヘッドの従業員の薬物依存相談認証の資格を永久に取り消し、ナルコノンが判決に抗議するすべての手段を使い果たした後、2013年8月にオクラホマ精神福祉・薬物乱用局は、永久に施設の医療解毒の許可を取り消した[63]。
^ abCalifornia Healthy Kids Resource Center; Deborah Wood, Ph.D. (January 2005). Narconon Drug Abuse Prevention Program Evaluation (Report). California, US: California Department of Education / California Department of Public Health. 2012年9月7日閲覧。Some drug-related information presented in the NDAP [Narconon] and supplementary resources — although aligned with the Narconon drug rehabilitation methodology — does not reflect accurate, widely accepted medical and scientific evidence. Some information is misleading because it is overstated or a distinction between drug use and abuse is lacking. ... This information reflects hypothesized processes of drug metabolism, bioavailability, and psychoactive impact, and is the premise for the Narconon detoxification regimen. This theoretical information does not reflect current evidence that is widely accepted and recognized as medically and scientifically accurate. ... Inaccuracies and misleading inferences were not limited to a single material, but were evident in NDAP elementary, middle and high school presentation outlines and delivery scripts and in the supplementary drug prevention materials available to schools ... Narconon program materials were independently reviewed by fourteen reviewers and three CHKRC staff. Reviewers included five doctors (M.D.s), four board certified in pediatrics and adolescent medicine[要曖昧さ回避] and/or with specific expertise in addiction and substance abuse; two doctors (Ph.Ds) with expertise in child and adolescent development; one doctor (Ph.D.) with expertise in prevention research and program evaluation of substance abuse programs. Reviewers also included nine school health education specialists (with teaching credentials and/or masters level health or education degrees) including elementary, middle, and high school teachers, university faculty, and school district/county office of education tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse prevention education coordinators.
^Bromley, David G. (1999). "Scientology, Church of". In Wade Clark Roof (ed.). Contemporary American Religion. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 648–650.
^“Scientology Presents Narconon Program”. Westlake Post. (1970年4月30日). http://www.xenu-directory.net/news/images/thecompiler-1970-5.pdf. ""The conference presented current programs effective in alleviating drug problems. No program which employs drug or electric shock therapy was presented, as it has been discovered that groups which condone these techniques have only been pretending to be effective in drug rehabilitation", said Max Prudente, Scientology spokesman. ... "Based solely on the philosophy and tenets of Scientology, the applied religious philosophy, this program has achieved new and dramatic breakthroughs in the field of drug rehabilitation. Its nearly 85% success ratio has earned high praise from Governors, state and federal officials and correction authorities across the U.S., " Prudente said."
^“The Four Basic Social Programs”. The Hawaiian-American. (1975年12月17日). http://i.imgur.com/cC7jj.png2012年9月6日閲覧. "We talked with Rev. Diana Harris, Pastor of the Church of Scientology of Hawaii ... and she gave us a complete background on the church's social programs for those in need in our community. ... Another community program the church offers is Narconon - a program designed to assist persons to get off drugs and to keep off drugs. The program was utilized in Oahu State Prison for a while and enjoyed a very high rate of success, according to Pastor Harris. They [Scientology] have been asked to consider re-introducing the program to the prison at a later date."
^“Cruise Battles Journalist Over Scientology Boasts”. World Entertainment News Network. (2005年5月3日). "Hollywood hunk TOM CRUISE battled a German journalist over his controversial Scientology religion recently, claiming the faith ran the world's most successful drug rehabilitation program. ... When asked if Cruise had an official role to recruit new Scientologists, the MINORITY REPORT heart-throb replied, "I'm a helper. For instance, I myself have helped hundreds of people get off drugs. "In Scientology, we have the only successful drug rehabilitation program in the world. It's called Narconon." The Spiegel reporter quickly countered, "That's not correct. Yours is never mentioned among the recognised detox programs." Defiant Cruise replied, "You don't understand what I am saying. It's a statistically proven fact that there is only one successful drug rehabilitation program in the world. Period." The journalist answered, "With all due respect, we doubt that", before adding "Scientology is not considered a religion there (Germany), but rather an exploitative cult with totalitarian tendencies". After the reporter labelled Scientology a "cult", Cruise became defensive. He said, "We've won over 50 court cases in Germany. And it's not true that everyone in Germany supports that line against us. "A minority wants to hate - okay. For me, it's connected with intolerance.""
^Folke Sjoqvist (26 November 1996). Expert advice on Narconon given to the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Report). The National Board of Health and Welfare.
^“Results of the Narconon Program”. www.narconon.org. Narconon International. 2012年2月1日閲覧。 “The Narconon Program has one of the highest success rates in the field of drug rehabilitation, with outside studies showing 75% of the graduates going on to lead stable, ethical, productive drug-free lives.”
^"1650". Special Committee on Non-Medical Use of Drugs: Evidence (Report). Parliament of Canada (37th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION). 30 May 2002. Mr. Brad Melnychuk [(Executive Director, Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE Canada))]: You asked if we'd spoken or met with researchers coming up with this information. I personally have not. I also cannot say whether or not any staff from Narconon across the globe—because we have Narconons all over—have done that. I would tend to question it, based on the fact that our Narconons are improving, and some of them are very close to a 100% success rate.
^
“Tax declaration ABLE 2007” (PDF). p. 37 (August 2008). 2012年2月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2012年2月1日閲覧。 “ABLE funded a multi-year study of the delivery of the Narconon drug Education curriculum to high school students in Hawaii and Oklahoma, which was completed and written up in 2007.”
^
Beit-Hallahmi, Benjamin (2003-09-01). “Scientology: Religion or racket?”. Marburg Journal of Religion8 (1). http://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/mjr/beit.html2012年9月5日閲覧. "For Scientology, using fronts is one way of obtaining funds from government and charity sources (Mallia, 1998c). ... The so-called drug rehabilitation program known as Narconon has been an incredibly profitable front through federal grants and corporate donations (Mallia, 1998c). Fronts may help one another look respectable and make more money. Thus, the Association for Better Living and Education (ABLE) may come out in support of Narconon"
^Catt, David (2008-06-11). “Further request for clarification”. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy3 (8). doi:10.1186/1747-597X-3-8. http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/3/1/8/comments#3025612012年9月7日閲覧. "In Table 9, item D22 shows that a greater percentage of the control group feel they can easily resist pressures to take drugs than the drug education group (78.8% compared with 74.5%). The text on page 11 of the report states that “students who received the curriculum were more likely to say they could resist pressures to use drugs than those who did not receive the program”. Could I ask the authors to account for this seeming contradiction?"
^County Court of Dijon: judgment of 9 January 1987 (No 118-87)
^Messrs. Alain Gest, president, Jean-Pierre Brard, Mrs. Suzanne Sauvaigo, vice-presidents, Messrs. Eric DoligŽ, Rudy Rooms, secretaries, Jacques Guyard, reporter; Messrs. Jean-Claude Bahu, Pierre Bernard, Raoul BŽteille, Mrs. Christine Boutin, Messrs. Jean-Pierre Brard, Jean-Franois Calvo, Rene Chub, Mrs. Martine David, Messrs. Pierre Delmar, Bernard Derosier, Eric DoligŽ, Jean-Pierre Foucher, Jean Geney, Alain Gest, Jean Gravel, Jacques Guyard, Pierre Lang, Gerard Larrat, Claude-Gerard Marcus, Thierry Mariani, Mrs. Odile Moirin, Messrs. George Mothron, Jacques Myard, Mrs. Catherine Nicolas, Messrs. Francisque Perrut, Daniel Picotin, Marc Reymann, Marcel Castlings, Rudy Rooms and Mrs. Suzanne Sauvaigo. (22 December 1995). Report of LA COMMISSION D'ENQUÊTE SUR LES SECTES (Board of Inquiry into Cults) (Report). ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE. Le Tribunal de grande instance de Dijon a, par ailleurs, été amené, dans un jugement du 9 janvier 1987 (no 118-87), à condamner le directeur-adjoint du centre Narconon de Grangey-sur-Ource pour non assistance à personne en danger. Ce centre, créé par l'Eglise de Scientologie, propose des cures de désintoxication en appliquant les méthodes de Ron Hubbard, à savoir la procédure de " purification " , fondée principalement sur plusieurs heures de sauna par jour, des " auditions " et une absorption importante de vitamines. En l'espèce, la victime était depuis longtemps soignée pour épilepsie et s'était adressée à cet organisme car elle souhaitait se " libérer des médicaments " . Le centre l'a, sans examen médical préalable, placée dans une chambre de " sevrage " . Or, les expertises médicales ont montré que le décès était dû à " un état de mal épileptique dû à l'absence de traitement suffisant à son début et de traitement d'urgence pendant l'état de mal. " Le jugement ne laisse aucun doute sur la responsabilité du centre :
" Que si Jocelyne Dorfmann avait pris la décision de réduire sa consommation médicamenteuse, puis de l'interrompre au risque de compromettre son état de santé, les prévenus ne l'ont à aucun moment prévenue de la nécessité d'un examen médical d'admission, lequel aurait vraisemblablement permis de contre-indiquer la cure de sevrage ; qu'il est inconcevable que la victime ait pu être acceptée sans cet examen et sans entretien sérieux malgré ses déclarations sur son état de santé et son épilepsie, alors que les prévenus ont reconnu savoir qu'en cas de maladie grave, le traitement médical ne devait pas souffrir d'interruption ;
" Que si lors de la survenue de la première crise, les prévenus ont pu se méprendre sur la nature exacte, la répétition des crises et leur intensité croissante devaient leur évoquer une origine distincte d'un état de manque qui, selon les médecins experts, ne peut être confondu avec un état épileptique ;
" Qu'ils n'ont pas jugé utile de demander directement à la victime, alors qu'elle était encore consciente, si ces manifestations pouvaient correspondre aux crises d'épilepsie auxquelles elle avait fait allusion ou de faire appel au médecin le plus proche. (...) "
--- Translation ---
The County Court of Dijon, in addition, was brought, in a judgement of January 9, 1987 (No 118-87), to condemn the director-assistant of the Narconon center of Grangey- on-Ource for nonassistance to someone in danger. This center, created by the Church of Scientology, proposes detoxification by applying the methods of Ron Hubbard, namely the procedure of "purification," based mainly on several hours of sauna per day, "auditions," and a significant absorption of vitamins. In this case, the victim had been in long-term treatment for epilepsy and had addressed this organization because she wished "to be released from drugs." The center A, without preliminary medical examination, placed her in a "weaning" room. However, the medical experts showed that her death was due to "an epileptic seizure due to the absence of sufficient treatment at its beginning and of emergency treatment during the seizure." The judgement does not leave any doubt about the responsibility of the center:
"That if Jocelyne Dorfmann had made the decision to reduce her consumption of medication, then to stop it with the risk of compromising her health, the defendants had not at any time prevented it of the need for a medical examination of admission, which would have probably made it possible to contra-indicate the cure of weaning; that it is inconceivable that the victim could be accepted without this examination and serious treatment in spite of her declarations as to her health and her epilepsy, whereas the defendants admitted knowing that in the event of serious illness, medical treatment was not to suffer from interruption;
"That if at the time the first crisis occurred, the defendants could mistake its exact nature, the repetition of the crises and their increasing intensity were to evoke to them an origin distinct from a state of lack which, according to medical experts, cannot be confused with an epileptic state;
"That they did not consider it useful to directly ask the victim, while she was still conscious, if these demonstrations could correspond to the epileptic fits to which she had referred or to call upon the nearest doctor (...)"
^Biglia, Andrea (1995年2月20日). “Tragedia nella lotta alla droga [Tragedy while fighting drugs]”. Corriere della Sera
^“Patrick W. "Ricko" Desmond (1980-2008)”. findagrave.com. 2012年10月3日閲覧。 “Patrick W. Desmond died of a heroin drug overdose after receiving treatment at a Scientology drug rehab facility Narconon in Atlanta, Georgia. His parents filed a wrongful death lawsuit against Narconon of Georgia, Narconon International, and the Narconon medical director Lisa Carolina Robbins, M.D.”
^“Discovery claimed in Narconon deaths”. Muskogee Phoenix. (2012年8月20日). http://muskogeephoenix.com/local/x257411807/Discovery-claimed-in-Narconon-deaths2012年9月7日閲覧. "Narconon has been under investigation since the July 19 death of Murphy, 20, of Owasso. The investigation has expanded to include three other deaths: Hillary Holten, 21, of Carr, who was found dead at Narconon Arrowhead in April; Graves, 32, who died at the facility in October; and the 2009 death of Kaysie Dianne Werninck, 28, according to Pittsburg County Sheriff Joel Kerns."
^Abgrall, Jean-Marie (2001). Healing Or Stealing?: Medical Charlatans in the New Age. p. 193. ISBN1-892941-51-1. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:CvvF1-YT9pYJ:www.fk.unair.ac.id/pdfiles/ebook/Healing%2520or%2520Stealing.%2520Medical%2520Charlatans%2520in%2520the%2520New%2520Age.pdf+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiaAqB8ye_YQOHTE0a4yshe-xhyTZH1Nh6lK8SojGzl2-xnF9vAL8ZRKaS851sVJmoZu4DTENhfAG1Z2r8C4nquVSHVFRp6d8itswdubevY50t02ct-s5BfbJmFZ74IP9OKCAdN&sig=AHIEtbQfXuB0dLigp4k18tHB0r2WKppaUA24 September 2012閲覧. "Narconon, a subsidiary of Scientology, and the association “Yes to Life, No to Drugs” have also made a specialty of the fight against drugs and treating drug addicts. ... Drug addicts are just one of the Scientologists’ targets for recruitment. The offer of care and healing through techniques derived from dianetics is only a come-on. The detoxification of the patient by means of “dianetics purification” is more a matter of manipulation, through the general weakening that it causes; it is a way of brainwashing the subject. Frequently convicted for illegal practice of medicine, violence, fraud and slander, the Scientologists have more and more trouble getting people to accept their techniques as effective health measures, as they like to claim. They recommend their purification processes to eliminate X-rays and nuclear radiation, and to treat goiter and warts, hypertension and psoriasis, hemorrhoids and myopia. . . why would anyone find that hard to swallow? Scientology has built a library of several hundreds of volumes of writings exalting the effects of purification, and its disciples spew propaganda based on irresponsible medical writings by doctors who are more interested in the support provided by Scientology than in their patients’ well-being. On the other hand, responsible scientific reviews have long since “eliminated” dianetics and purification from the lists of therapies — relegating them to the great bazaar of medical fraud. ... Medical charlatans do not base their claims on scientific proof but, quite to the contrary, on peremptory assertions — the kind of assertions that they challenge when they come out of the mouths of those who defend “real” medicine."
^Muir, Hugh (2012年8月13日). “Diary”. The Guardian. オリジナルの2014年3月22日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20140322013316/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/aug/13/hugh-muir-diary-papua-new-guinea2014年3月20日閲覧. "Who else will be sad that the Olympics is over? Well there may well be a post-Games dip among members of L Ron Hubbard's Scientology organisation. For they seemed to be doing good business around Tower Bridge, handing out literature linked to the organisation. The little booklets promised The Truth About Drugs. Neither Scientology nor L Ron are mentioned. Just his Foundation for a Drug-Free World, the web address for which sits on the Scientology website. Everyone was fair game this weekend. Even a passing 15-year-old. That sort of opportunity might not come again."
^DeSio, John (2007年5月31日). “The Rundown on Scientology’s Purification Rundown: What Scientologists aren't telling you about their detox program (and how much it’s costing you)”. New York Press