深海中でタウム古細菌(Thaumarchaeota)と呼ばれる系統が優占する。16S rRNAクローンから推測される存在量は膨大であるが、培養は極めて困難なためFISH法などの分子生化学的手法が開発されるまで発見されなかった。水族館のフィルターから同系統の"Nitrosopumilus maritimus"が単離されている。この菌は海水中でアンモニア酸化を行う。また、ユリアーキオータに属し、有光層にみられるMarine group IIなどについても報告例がある。
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