^Tolmie, D. F. (2014). “Tendencies in the interpretation of Galatians 3:28 since 1990”. Acta Theologica 33 (2): 105. doi:10.4314/actat.v33i2S.6, p. 107
^Kyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 141, "Gregory of Nazianzus, for instance, exhorted his flock to love the
poor by imagining the ultimate justice of God. God created humans “free and with free will.” Christians should act with “the original equality of rights, not the subsequent inequities” in mind; invoking the word isonomia , Gregory gestured toward a rich, ancient value that had underwritten the most egalitarian impulses of Greek democracy. But Gregory could ground his vision of equality in divine intention; the divisions between wealth and poverty, like those between freedom and slavery, were not part of the original creation, but rather “evils” that attended only fallen humanity. 94 Christians should recognize this fact and act accordingly: “imitate the egalitarian justice of God and there shall be no poor man.”"
^ abcdKyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 133, "Gregory’s thoughts on slavery emerge from his interpretation of Ecclesiastes, as Gregory launches out from the author’s reflections on the vanity of his wealth. “If a man makes that which truly belongs to God into his own private property, by allotting himself sovereignty over his own race, and thinks himself the master of men and women, what could follow but an arrogance exceeding all nature from the one who sees himself as something other than the ones who are ruled?” Throughout the homily, Gregory returns again and again to the sheer arrogance of slave ownership. But there also courses throughout the text an unprecedented attack on the injustice of the institution itself. In the first place, slave ownership was unjust because it violated the free nature of humans. “Do you condemn man to slavery, whose nature is free and autonomous?” This is a remarkable statement. No ancient authority had invoked the “free nature” of human beings......Gregory, though, was the first to draw the startling conclusion that a material condition such as slavery violated the free nature of the human being. "
^ abKyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p.125, "The first is universalism . Human rights are claims that all humans have simply by virtue of being human; they are universal across all individuals of the species. Hence, human rights are egalitarian. They are a kind of claim that does not depend on individual qualities or capacities and therefore cannot differ across individuals. The second is freedom . Human rights by their very nature insist on autonomy, whether conceived positively (as a power, a material capability) or negatively (as an immunity, an absence of restraint). The third is dignity . Human rights require a conception of human beings as incomparably valuable or worthy creatures. It is this third element that can inflect rights with a virtually absolutist quality. When competing goods are at stake, respecting human worthiness always outweighs the alternatives."
^ abcKyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p.131, "Christianization created the grounds for the development of human rights. This claim can be explored by isolating several moments of encounter between Christians and the world around them in the period of late antiquity, roughly between the ages of Constantine (AD 306 337) and Justinian (AD 527–565). ... In other words, we should expect to find neither formal human rights claims, nor the logic of Lockean rights. Instead, we will find the constituent elements of Kantian rights: universalism, freedom, and above all dignity – the view that each human is the bearer of incomparable worth. These moments of encounter are all we will find. The conversion of Constantine did not usher in an era of glorious Christian Kantianism; the world continued to be a cruel, gray place. These moments of encounter are, however, meaningful irruptions of the logic of human rights into a world where they were foreign."
^ abKyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 143, " The early origins proposed in this paper, in which human rights rest on a long, pre-Enlightenment preparatory phase, argue that beliefs about the high worth of humanity were created slowly and collectively and took centuries to establish as broad cultural norms. Late antiquity is so important because here we witness the white sparks of friction, as now-familiar cultural norms for the first time confronted what were once unquestioned institutions and experiences such as slavery, sexual exploitation, and poverty. This history reminds us that what to us seems unthinkable was once unquestionable. Beliefs in the universal and incomparable worth of the human being provided the moral resources to begin the long and still unfinished business of trying to recognize and to realize the human rights of all."
^ abRevisiting the Problem of 1 Corinthians 7:21, J. Albert Harrill, The Ohio State University, Biblical research, 2020, Volume: 65, pp. 77-94
^Margaret Killingray, The Bible, Slavery and Onesimus, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007. p.90, "That the Bible supports slavery is an accusation that has been made in many contexts. But a better way of putting it would be that both Old and New Testaments describe slavery as practised in the societies of the time. Both the Law in the OT and the outworking of Christian discipleship in the NT sought to influence the working of slavery so that the power of owners was limited and the right of slaves to be counted as equals in the fellowship of the people of God was maintained. What the Bible does not do in so many words is denounce slavery as a sinful institution, per se, in all forms and in all places. However, many would argue that the underlying biblical theology – creation in the image of God, the Fall involving all humanity, Jesus’ one atoning sacrifice for all, and the final universal judgment – means that humans cannot own other humans. Wholesale emancipation simply was not a possibility. Nor was democracy."
^C. Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York 1973) 44–125.
^W.A. Meeks, “A Hermeneutics of Social Embodiment”, in id., In Search of the Early Christians (ed. A.R. Hilton and H. Gregory Snyder; New Haven 2002) 185–195, at 187; G.A. Lindbeck, The Nature of Doctrine, 25th Anniversary Edition. Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age (Philadelphia 2009).
^Tanner, Theories (see n. 4), 25–58. See also A. Wallace-Hadrill, Rome’s Cultural Revolution (Cambridge 2008) 28–32; and R. Hingley, Globalizing Roman Culture. Unity, Diversity and Empire (London 2005) 51–54.
^Rhetorical criticism: H.D. Betz, Galatians. A Commentary on Paul’s Letter to the Churches in Galatia (Hermeneia; Philadelphia 1979); G.A. Kennedy, New Testament Criticism through Rhetorical Criticism (Chapel Hill 1984); M.M. Mitchell, Paul and the Rhetoric of Reconciliation. An Exegetical Investigation of the Language and Composition of 1 Corinthians (HUTh 28; Tübingen 1991); S.K. Stowers, A Rereading of Romans. Justice, Jews, and Gentiles (New Haven 1994). Ancient philosophy: A.J. Malherbe, Paul and the Popular Philosophers (Minneapolis 1989); T. Engberg-Pedersen, Paul and the Stoics (Louisville, KY 2000); W. Deming, Paul on Marriage and Celibacy. The Hellenistic Background of 1 Corinthians 7 (2 nd ed.; Grand Rapids, MI 2004).
^ abPaul and Empire: Studying Roman Identity after the Cultural Turn, J. Albert Harrill, September 2011, Early Christianity 2(3):281-311
^ abKyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 132, "We have a tantalizing report that the Essenes, a breakaway purist sect of Jews in the late Second Temple period, refused to practice slavery because they considered it unjust, though we can know no more. Beyond that, the world records no opposition to slavery as an institution – before the words of Gregory of Nyssa.
^Craig Kenner, “Subversive Conservatism: How could Paul communicate his radical message to those threatened by it?” Christian History XIV (3) (1995): 35.
^ abcThe tragedy of slavery: the church’s response, Scott Key, Pacific Journal 2 (2007): p.2, Paul was in a difficult position. The growth of the Church was a threat to the Roman Empire. Its existence was uncertain. Paul needed to “prove that Christians were good citizens and upheld traditional Roman family values: namely, the submission of wives, children, and slaves.” His teachings do this, but they also include challenges to the social order by placing new expectations on husbands, fathers, and slaveowners. Masters could no longer do whatever they wanted with their slaves. Instead, Paul reminded, “You have the same Master in heaven, and with him there is no partiality” (Ephesians 6:9)."
^ abcMargaret Killingray, The Bible, Slavery and Onesimus, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007. p.85, "The Christians of the first century AD lived and worked in slaveholding societies. Slaves, slave owners and free citizens together formed the first churches. Paul’s great statement – ‘There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus.’ (Gal. 3:27,28) – focuses on the three main areas of division in human society: race, ethnicity and religion; status and economic disparity; and gender"
^ James C. Dunn, The Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), 244.
^C.F.D. Moule, The Epistles to the Colossians and Philemon, The Cambridge Greek New Testament Commentary (Cambridge, UK: University Press, 1962), 127; Col 3:23; Peter T. O’Brien, Colossians and Philemon, Word Biblical Commentary (Waco, TX: Word, 1982), 218-219.
^Margaret Killingray, The Bible, Slavery and Onesimus, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007. p.92
^ abMargaret Killingray, The Bible, Slavery and Onesimus, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007. pp. 93-94, "Philemon is being asked to transform the relationship between master and slave, within the context of the fellowship meeting in his house.
This letter reminds us that we all have to live with limitations, having to make the most of things we cannot change. Onesimus cannot change his slave status; Paul in prison has to rely on others, on letters, at a distance. Philemon has to decide what is possible for him as he takes a stand against the accepted social and legal systems of his day. ‘We know that all things work together for good for those who love God, who are called according to his purpose. For those whom he foreknew he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son’ (Rom. 8:28). The lifelong transformation of Christians into the image of Jesus is more likely to take place in these difficult situations than in situations of ease and comfort."
^Henry Chadwick, The Church in Ancient Society: From Galilee to Gregory the Great (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001). Jennifer A. Glancy, Slavery in Early Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
^The tragedy of slavery: the church’s response, Scott Key, Pacific Journal 2 (2007): p.2,, "As the early church emerged, positions taken on slavery were affected by concern over survival and the expectation of Jesus’ imminent return. As time went on and the church grew, leaders such as Polycarp and Ignatius of Antioch spoke out against slavery and some Christians freed their slaves
upon conversion. 2 Many Christians found slavery repugnant to the dignity of the image of God in all."
^Ramelli, Ilaria (25 June 2012). “Gregory of Nyssa's Position in Late Antique Debates on Slavery and Poverty, and the Role of Asceticism”. Journal of Late Antiquity5 (1): 87–118. doi:10.1353/jla.2012.0004.
^Kyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 134, "it is no small distinction to be the earliest human to have left an argument for the basic injustice of slavery....What is all the more remarkable is that Gregory looked past the obvious, surface rationalizations for slavery available in Christian scripture, to develop a philosophically coherent account of human nature grounded in Christian values. Those values were firmly centered on universal dignity. Gregory’s logic, even his rhetoric, presages the ideology of abolitionism, more than a millennium before it would come of age. "
^Kyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 134, "Rather, Gregory considered the physis , the natural constitution of the human, to be free, eleuthera ; eleutheria , in the ancient world, has not incorrectly been interpreted to mean “positive liberty,” the capacity to act; it was a status word, implying a state of honour as well as liberty. Novel though it was, Gregory’s claim here is not totally surprising, in light of the high emphasis that early Christians placed on free will. When Gregory calls human nature “free and autonomous,” he invokes a language that runs straight back through Origen to early Fathers such as Justin Martyr. The early Christians had stringently maintained that humans were endowed by God with a free will. In doing so, they explicitly set themselves apart from strongly deterministic philosophies like Stoicism. I have argued that Justin Martyr was the first person to use exactly the formula of “free will,” and the concept would be vitally important to the Christian conception of man as an essentially rational and moral being, created with both freedom and responsibility.
^Mary Cagney, “Patrick the Saint,” Christian History XVII (4) (1998): 14.
^Thomas Cahill, How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland’s Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe (New York: Doubleday, 1995).
^Jacobus Diaconus (James, or Jacob, the Deacon) (1628), "22: The Life of Saint Pelagia the Harlot [Celebrated in the Roman Martyrology on October 8] by Jacobus Diaconus, translated into Latin from the Greek by Eustochius", Vitae Patrum: De Vita et Verbis Seniorum sive Historiae Eremiticae, Vol. I, Antwerp
^Kyle Harper, Christianity and the Roots of Human Dignity in Late Antiquity, in Christianity and Freedom , pp. 123 - 148 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316408582.007, Publisher: Cambridge University Press, 2016, p. 130, "The Stoics stared past the sheer violence and degradation that were essential to the institution of slavery, resolved to accept the world as fate handed it to us. Nowhere in Stoic thought is there anything resembling the argument that the institution of slavery violated the just claims and immunities to which all humans were entitled by their very worth. In short, Stoicism did not incubate the raw material of Kantian rights.
^I. Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals (orig. 1785) trans. T. Abbott. "In the kingdom of ends everything has either value or dignity. Whatever has a value can be replaced by something else which is equivalent; whatever, on the other hand, is above all value, and therefore admits of no equivalent, has a dignity. . . . Now morality is the condition under which alone a rational being can be an end in himself, since by this alone is it possible that he should be a legislating member in the kingdom of ends. Thus morality, and humanity as capable of it, is that which alone has dignity. . . .Autonomy then is the basis of the dignity of human and of every rational nature."
^Stephen Palmquist "'The Kingdom of God is at Hand!' (Did Kant really say that?)", History of Philosophy Quarterly 11:4 (October 1994), pp.421-437.
^Rodney Stark, “The Truth about the Catholic Church and Slavery,” Christianity Today, July 14, 2003.
^ abcThe tragedy of slavery: the church’s response, Scott Key, Pacific Journal 2 (2007): p.3,, "In the seventh century, Bathilda (the Queen Regent of Burgundy and Neutria) campaigned to stop the slave trade and free all who found themselves in this condition. In the ninth century, Anskar (a Benedictine monk who established the first church in Scandinavia) tried to halt the Viking slave trade. Venetian bishops worked to prevent the slave trade in the tenth century. 10 While these efforts did not succeed, the prohibition on Christian slaves (and the subsequent conversion of most of Europe) led to the de facto end of slavery there. This prohibition was enforced by rulers and churchmen such as William the Conqueror, Wulfstan, and Anselm"
^Aristot. Pol. 7.1327b, "The nations inhabiting the cold places and those of Europe are full of spirit but somewhat deficient in intelligence and skill, so that they continue comparatively free, but lacking in political organization and capacity to rule their neighbors. The peoples of Asia on the other hand are intelligent and skillful in temperament, but lack spirit, so that they are in continuous subjection and slavery. But the Greek race participates in both characters, just as it occupies the middle position geographically, for it is both spirited and intelligent; hence it continues to be free and to have very good political institutions, and to be capable of ruling all mankind if it attains constitutional unity.", Aristotle, Politics
^Politics, I, 2, 1254a 17 ff., The Complete Works of Aristotle. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton University Press, 1991. "But is there any one thus intended by nature to be a slave, and for whom such a condition is an expedient and right, or rather is not all slavery a violation of nature? There is no difficulty in answering this question, on grounds both of reason and of fact. For that some should rule and others be ruled is a thing not only necessary, but expedient; from the hour of their birth, some are marked out for subjection, others for rule."
^Aquinas on Slavery: An Aristotelian Puzzle, H Zagal - Congresso Tomista Internazionale, 2003, "From the historic point of view, the theory of natural slavery played an important role in the so called Indian matter. As it is known the arguments in favor of the conquest and domain of the native Americans had a clear Aristotelic background. The most significant landmark in this matter was the meeting of Valladolid, where Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda confronted Bartolomé de las Casas with Aristotelic arguments."
^Sardar, Ziauddin, and Davies, Merryl Wyn. 2004. The No-Nonsense Guide to Islam. Verso. ISBN1-85984-454-5. p. 94.
^Richard Raiswell (1997), "Nicholas V, Papal Bulls of", in Junius Rodriquez (ed.) The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, Denver, Colorado/Oxford, England; ABC-CLIO, p. 469.
^Thomas Foster Earle (2005), Black Africans in Renaissance Europe; Cambridge/New York/Melbourne, Cambridge University Press, p. 281, and; Luis N. Rivera (1992), A Violent Evangelism: The Political and Religious Conquest of the Americas, Louisville, Westminster John Knox Press, p. 25.
^Stogre, Michael (1992). That the World may Believe: The Development of Papal Social Thought on Aboriginal Rights. Montréal, Éditions Paulines & Médiaspaul, p. 115, fn. 133.
^Davis, David Brion, 1988, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture; New York, Oxford University Press, p. 170, fn. 9.
^Thornberry, Patrick (2002), Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 65, fn. 21.
^Opera and Spanish Jesuit Evangelization in the New World, Chad M. Gasta, Gestos 22, no. 44 (2007): 85–106, "Reduction," or "reduccion" is the term used to denote the Jesuit Indian missions in the former Paraguay province. According to Watkins, the reduction was a point of convergence where "different groups of nomadic Indians were brought together to live a sedentary lifestyle in which they could be both a protected from slavery and more easily evangelized" ( 15). The Jesuit reductions were famous for their resistance to Indian enslavement.
^Allard, Paul (1912). "Slavery and Christianity". Catholic Enycyclopedia. Vol. XIV. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 2006年2月4日閲覧。
^A Companion to African American History, Edited by Alton Hornsby, Jr, Delores P. Aldridge, Editorial Associate, Angela M. Hornsby, Editorial Assistant, 2005 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 176-177, "The measure passed by the Virginia Assembly in 1667 resembles laws adopted in other colonies:Whereas some doubts have risen whether children that are slaves by birth, . . . should by vertue of their baptisme be made free; It is enacted . . . that the conferring of baptisme doth not alter the condition of the person as to his bondage or freedome. (Wright 2001: 6)"
^Ellen M. Ross. (2014). "Review Of "From Peace To Freedom: Quaker Rhetoric And The Birth Of American Antislavery, 1657-1761" By B. Carey". Pennsylvania Magazine Of History And Biography. Volume 138, Issue 3. pp. 339-340, "In articulating the social and political dominance of Pennsylvania in the development of antislavery rhetoric, Carey suggests that the Quaker community became a crucial context for the growth of antislavery due in part to its “tight organization, congenial principles, culture of debate, and propensity to share ideas” (30). Among other topics, he considers theological and pragmatic arguments against slavery, the signifi cance of writings of Ralph Sandiford and Benjamin Lay, the impact of the structure of the Society of Friends—in particular, the embedding of antislavery thought in the Quaker ritual of queries—and the significance of London Yearly Meeting on the formulation of antislavery thought. He discusses influential writings by John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, and he argues that the 1754 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Epistle of Caution and Advice, concerning the Buying and Keeping of Slaves “recapitulates in essence almost the entire Quaker debate on slavery since 1688” (193)."
^Roger Anstey, "Slavery and the Protestant Ethic," Historical Reflections 1979 6(1): 157-181. Pp. 157-172.
^John Coffey, Evangelicals, Slavery & the Slave Trade: From Whitefield to Wilberforce, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007, p. 105 "In 1787, Quakers would reach beyond their own ranks to establish a non-sectarian Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave
Trade, including Granville Sharp and Thomas Clarkson on the organizing
committee."
^John Coffey, Evangelicals, Slavery & the Slave Trade: From Whitefield to Wilberforce, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007, p. 109. "Methodists too were keen participants in the abolitionist movement. John Wesley wrote to pledge his support in August 1787, and in the following year he provoked a disturbance by preaching an abolitionist sermon in Bristol. He died in March 1791, at the height of the agitation, with the cause still prominent in his thoughts. Equiano’s Interesting Narrative was one of the last books he read, and his final letter was addressed to Wilberforce: ‘Go on, in the name of God and in the power of his might, till even American slavery (the vilest that ever saw the sun) shall vanish away before it’.51"
^John Coffey, Evangelicals, Slavery & the Slave Trade: From Whitefield to Wilberforce, ANVIL Volume 24 No 2 2007, p. 112. "The committee produced a major report that provided the abolitionists with potent ammunition for their case.61 Wilberforce brought his Abolition Bill to the Commons in April 1791, but was defeated by 163 votes to 88. When he tried again in 1792, at the height of popular agitation, he was outmanoeuvred by the Home Secretary, Henry Dundas, who won parliamentary approval for a gradual abolition bill that promised much but delivered nothing."
^The tragedy of slavery: the church’s response, Scott Key, Pacific Journal 2 (2007): p.10, "After more than a decade of struggle, Wilberforce and his parliamentary allies abolished the slave trade in February 1807. The timing is crucial because a few months later the United States also outlawed the importation of slaves; however, the elimination of the primary source of transportation made the American ban as much a matter of practicality as morality."
^The tragedy of slavery: the church’s response, Scott Key, Pacific Journal 2 (2007): pp. 10-11, "In Great Britain, once the slave trade was abolished, the general public began to support the abolition of slavery itself. In 1814, more than one million signatures (about 1/10 of the British population) were collected calling for the abolition of slavery throughout the Empire. The perseverance of Wilberforce, the rest of the Clapham Sect, and countless others won the day. In 1833, three days before Wilberforce died, the Emancipation Act was passed and slavery was abolished in the British Empire. The key abolitionists were Christians who believed that they had been called by God to destroy this evil. "
^Ernest Marshall House, Saints in Politics: The Chapham Sect (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1974). Garth Lean, God’s Politician: William Wilberforce’s Struggle (Colorado Springs: Helmers & Howard, 1987).
^OKAMOTO Yoshitomo. Jūroku Seiki Nichiō Kōtsūshi no Kenkyū. Tokyo: Kōbunsō, 1936 (revised edition by Rokkō Shobō, 1942 and 1944, and reprint by Hara Shobō, 1969, 1974 and 1980). pp. 728-730
^Sandakan Brothel No.8: Journey into the History of Lower-class Japanese Women By Tomoko Yamazaki, Karen F. Colligan-Taylor p.xv
^Harald Fischer-Tiné (2003). “'White women degrading themselves to the lowest depths': European networks of prostitution and colonial anxieties in British India and Ceylon ca. 1880–1914”. Indian Economic and Social History Review40 (2): 163–90 [175–81]. doi:10.1177/001946460304000202.
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. pp. 19-20
^Slavery in Medieval Japan, Slavery in Medieval Japan, Thomas Nelson, Monumenta Nipponica, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter, 2004), pp. 463-492, "As early as 1555, complaints were made by the Church that Portuguese merchants were taking Japaense slave girls with them back to Portugal and living with them there in sin....Political disunity in Japan, however, together with the difficulty that the Portuguese Crown faced in enforcing its will in the distant Indies, the ready availability of human merchandise, and the profits to be made from the trade meant that the chances were negligible of such a ban actually being enforced. In 1603 and 1605, the citizens of Goa protested against the law, claiming that it was wrong to ban the traffic in slaves who had been legally bought. Eventually, in 1605, King Philip of Spain and Portugal issued a document that was a masterpiece of obfuscation intended both to pacify his critics in Goa demanding the right to take Japanese slaves and the Jesuits, who insisted that the practice be banned."
^OKAMOTO Yoshitomo. Jūroku Seiki Nichiō Kōtsūshi no Kenkyū. Tokyo: Kōbunsō, 1936 (revised edition by Rokkō Shobō, 1942 and 1944, and reprint by Hara Shobō, 1969, 1974 and 1980). pp. 728-730
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. pp. 496-497 "If that is the case, the king had then sent copies of the same order to India at least three times: in 1603, when Aires de Saldanha published it, in 1604, with Martim Afonso de Castro, and in 1605."
^COSTA, João Paulo Oliveira e. O Cristianismo no Japão e o Episcopado de D. Luís Cerqueira. PhD thesis. Lisbon: Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998, p. 312. Sousa indicates the same letters, but he mistakenly attributed them to Filipe II, Filipe III’s father. See SOUSA, Lúcio de. Escravatura e Diáspora Japonesa nos séculos XVI e XVII. Braga: NICPRI, 2014, p. 298.
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. p. 493
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. pp. 494-504
^BOXER, C. R. The Christian Century in Japan, 1549 – 1650. California: University of California Press, 1974, pp. 97-98, "But since the Portuguese are unwilling to do this, and they often go to places against the padres` wishes, there is always much jealousy and rivalry between these lords, from which follow in turn to great toil and moil to the padres and to Christianity. And, moreover, it sometimes happens that the Portguese go with their ships to the fiefs of heathen lords who bitterly persecute the padres and Christianity, wrecking churches and burning images, which causes great scandal and contempt of the Christian religion."
^ abRômulo da Silva Ehalt, Jesuit Arguments for Voluntary Slavery in Japan and Brazil, Brazilian Journal of History, Volume: 39, Number: 80, Jan-Apr. 2019., p.10
^BRAH, Cortes 566 (9/2666), maço 21, f. 275. RUIZ DE MEDINA, Juan G. Orígenes de la Iglesia Catolica Coreana desde 1566 hasta 1784 según documentos inéditos de la época. Rome: Institutum Historicum S.I., 1986, p. 114-22.
^丹野勲『江戸時代の奉公人制度と日本的雇用慣行』国際経営論集 41 57-70, 2011-03-31, p. 58
^丹野勲『江戸時代の奉公人制度と日本的雇用慣行』国際経営論集 41 57-70, 2011-03-31, p. 62
^Servitutem Levem et Modici Temporis Esse Arbitrantes: Jesuit Schedulae & Japanese Limited-Term Servitude in Gomes Vaz’s De mancipiis Indicis, Stuart M. McManus, BPJS, 2018, II, 4, 77-99
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan、Rômulo da Silva Ehalt、p. 426
^BRAH, Cortes 566 (9/2666), maço 21, f. 273-276v. Pagès in PAGÈS, Léon. Histoire de la religion chrétienne au Japon – Seconde Partie, Annexes. Paris: Charles Douniol, 1870, p. 70-9. SOUSA, Lúcio de. “Dom Luís de Cerqueira e a escravatura no Japão em 1598.” Brotéria, 165. Braga, 2007, pp. 245-61.
^OKA Mihoko. “Kirishitan to Tōitsu Seiken.” In: ŌTSU Tōru et alii. Iwanami Kōza Nihon Rekishi Dai 10 Kan, Kinsei 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2014, pp. 185-187
^ abJesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. p. 473
^PÉREZ, Lorenzo. Fr. Jerónimo de Jesús: Restaurador de las Misiones del Japón – sus cartas y relaciones (1595-1604). Florence: Collegii S. Bonaventurae, 1929, p. 47.
^OKAMOTO Yoshitomo. Jūroku Seiki Nichiō Kōtsūshi no Kenkyū. Tokyo: Kōbunsō, 1936 (revised edition by Rokkō Shobō, 1942 and 1944, and reprint by Hara Shobō, 1969, 1974 and 1980). pp. 730-2
^MIZUKAMI Ikkyū. Chūsei no Shōen to Shakai. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan, 1969.
^SOUSA, Lúcio de, and OKA Mihoko. Daikōkai Jidai no Nihonjin Dorei. Tokyo: Chuokoron-Shinsha, 2017.
^Jesuits and the Problem of Slavery in Early Modern Japan, Rômulo da Silva Ehalt, 2017. p. 33
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