Braille bahasa Urdu

Braille bahasa Urdu Pakistan
Braille Urdu Pakistan
Jenis tulisan
Asas cetakan
abjad Urdu
Bahasa-bahasabahasa Urdu (di Pakistan)
Tulisan berkaitan
Sistem tulisan induk
Braille bahasa Urdu India
Braille Urdu India
Jenis tulisan (?)
Asas cetakan
aksara Dewanagari
Bahasa-bahasabahasa Urdu (di India)
Tulisan berkaitan
Sistem tulisan induk

Menurut UNESCO (2013),[1] terdapat abjad braille yang berbeza untuk Urdu di India dan di Pakistan. Abjad India berdasarkan Braille Bharati negara, manakala abjad Pakistan berdasarkan Braille Parsi.

Abjad

[sunting | sunting sumber]
Catatan: Tidak jelas adakah ini dari kanan ke kiri atau kiri ke kanan. Arah beberapa dwihuruf mungkin membingungkan.
Cetakan Pakistan India
ا – ⠁ (braille pattern dots-1) (?)
آ ā ⠜ (braille pattern dots-345)
ب b ⠃ (braille pattern dots-12)
بھ bh ⠆ (braille pattern dots-23) ⠘ (braille pattern dots-45)
پ p ⠏ (braille pattern dots-1234)
پھ ph ⠖ (braille pattern dots-235)
ت t ⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)
تھ th ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256) ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)
ٹ ṭ ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)[2] ⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)
ٹھ ṭh ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)[2] ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456)
ث ṯ /s/ ⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠹ (braille pattern dots-1456)
ج j ⠚ (braille pattern dots-245)
جھ jh ⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)
چ c ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)
چھ ch ⠡ (braille pattern dots-16)
ح ḥ ⠱ (braille pattern dots-156)
خ x ⠭ (braille pattern dots-1346)
د d ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
دھ dh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)[3] ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)
ڈ ḍ ⠬ (braille pattern dots-346) ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)
ڈھ ḍh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠬ (braille pattern dots-346)[3] ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
ذ ḏ /z/ ⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠮ (braille pattern dots-2346)
ر r ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)
ڑ ṛ ⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)
ڑھ ṛh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)[3] ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠻ (braille pattern dots-12456)
ز z ⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)
ژ ž ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠵ (braille pattern dots-1356)[4] ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠴ (braille pattern dots-356)
س s ⠎ (braille pattern dots-234)
ش š ⠩ (braille pattern dots-146)
ص ṡ /s/ ⠯ (braille pattern dots-12346)
ض ḋ /z/ ⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠫ (braille pattern dots-1246)
ط ṫ /t/ ⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠾ (braille pattern dots-23456)
ظ ż /z/ ⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠿ (braille pattern dots-123456)
ع ‘ ⠷ (braille pattern dots-12356)
غ ğ ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126) ⠐ (braille pattern dots-5)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
ف f ⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)
ق q ⠟ (braille pattern dots-12345)
ک k ⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)
کھ kh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠅ (braille pattern dots-13)[3] ⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)
گ g ⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
گھ gh ⠦ (braille pattern dots-236)⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)[3] ⠣ (braille pattern dots-126)
ل l ⠇ (braille pattern dots-123)
م m ⠍ (braille pattern dots-134)
ن n ⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345)
ں (sengau) ⠰ (braille pattern dots-56)
و v/w ⠺ (braille pattern dots-2456) v ⠧ (braille pattern dots-1236)
ū ⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)
ō ⠕ (braille pattern dots-135)
au ⠪ (braille pattern dots-246)
ه h ⠓ (braille pattern dots-125)
ء ’ ⠄ (braille pattern dots-3) (?)
ی y ⠊ (braille pattern dots-24) y ⠽ (braille pattern dots-13456)
ī ⠔ (braille pattern dots-35)
ے ē ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34) ē ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15)
ai ⠌ (braille pattern dots-34)
َ◌ a ⠂ (braille pattern dots-2) (?)
ِ◌ i ⠑ (braille pattern dots-15) (sama?)
ُ◌ u ⠥ (braille pattern dots-136) (sama?)
ّ◌ (dbl) ⠠ (braille pattern dots-6) (?)

Tidak jelas adakah vokal dalam braille Urdu India mengikuti pengucapan dan padanan braille Dewanagari, atau ortografi cetakan.

Pemendekan

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Braille Urdu Pakistan mempunyai beberapa pemendekan di luar konsonan embus:

كو ⠻, سا ⠑, نا ⠔,[5] و ن گ ⠶, نا ⠢,[5] نے ⠼, يا ⠽, لا ⠧, بے ⠤, اء ⠈.[6]

Tanda baca

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Tanda baca asas di Pakistan sama seperti India. Lihat Braille Bharati#Tanda baca.

Lihat juga

[sunting | sunting sumber]

Rujukan

[sunting | sunting sumber]
  1. ^ World Braille Usage, UNESCO, 2013
  2. ^ a b Or perhaps the reverse, ⠕ ṭ and ⠪ ṭh. (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff.)
  3. ^ a b c d e Not specifically attested. Assumed from the assignment of ⠦ to the print digraph element ھ.
  4. ^ Or perhaps a single glyph, ⠽ ž (Combinatorial Image Analysis: 12th International Workshop, IWCIA 2008, p 345ff), though according to UNESCO, that is the braille glyph for يا yā.
  5. ^ a b A duplication in the UNESCO reference, presumably an error. ⠔ may be ان instead, in which case ⠑ is probably also a mistake for اس. It appears that UNESCO got the letters backwards for several of the contractions.
  6. ^ Written hamza–alif, but labeled alif–hamza.