Pemerkosaan genosida

Perkosaan genosida ialah tindakan kumpulan yang telah melakukan perbuatan rogol beramai-ramai semasa perang melawan musuh mereka yang dianggap sebagai sebahagian daripada kempen pembunuhan beramai-ramai.[1] Semasa Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh,[2][3][4][5]Perang Yugoslavia, genosida Rwanda,[3][2] Perang Saudara Iraq dan semasa genosida Rohingya di Myanmar, menjadi bahagian penting dari konflik tersebut membawa konsep rogol genosida kepada ketuanan antarabangsa.[6] Walaupun rogol perang telah menjadi ciri yang berulang dalam konflik sepanjang sejarah, ia biasanya dilihat sebagai produk sampingan konflik, dan bukan sebahagian daripada dasar ketenteraan.[7]

Keganasan terhadap wanita semasa Pemisahan India juga telah disebut sebagai contoh rogol pembunuhan beramai-ramai.[8]

Rujukan

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  1. ^ Totten & Bartrop 2007.
  2. ^ a b Sharlach 2000.
  3. ^ a b Sajjad 2012.
  4. ^ Ghadbian 2002.
  5. ^ Mookherjee 2012.
  6. ^ Miller 2009.
  7. ^ Fisher 1996.
  8. ^ R. Brass, Paul (2003). "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes". Journal of Genocide Research. 5: 71–101. doi:10.1080/14623520305657.

Bibliografi

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  • Allen, Beverly (1996). Rape Warfare: The Hidden Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816628186.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Bisaz, Corsin (2012). The Concept of Group Rights in International Law: Groups as Contested Right-Holders, Subjects and Legal Persons. Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-9004228702.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Brownmiller, Susan (1975). Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-449-90820-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Card, Claudia (2008). "The Paradox of Genocidal Rape Aimed at Enforced Pregnancy". The Southern Journal of Philosophy. S1 (46): 176–189. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.2008.tb00162.x.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • De Brouwer, Anne-Marie (2010). "Introduction". Dalam Anne-Marie De Brouwer, Sandra Ka Hon Chu (penyunting). The Men Who Killed Me: Rwandan Survivors of Sexual Violence. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1553653103.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Eftekhari, Shiva (2004). Rwanda, Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fielding, Leila (2012). Female Génocidaires: What was the Nature and Motivations for Hutu Female. GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3656324409.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fisher, Siobhán K. (1996). "Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide". Duke Law Journal. 46 (1): 91–133. doi:10.2307/1372967. JSTOR 1372967.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Joeden-Forgey, Elisa Von (2010). "Gender and Genocide". Dalam Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses (penyunting). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199232116.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415353847.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Leaning, Jennifer; Bartels, Susan; Mowafi, Hani (2009). "Sexual Violence during War and Forced Migration". Dalam Susan Forbes Martin, John Tirman (penyunting). Women, Migration, and Conflict: Breaking a Deadly Cycle. Springer. m/s. 173–199. ISBN 978-9048128242.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Miller, Sarah Clark (2009). "Atrocity, Harm, and resistance". Dalam Andrea Veltman, Kathryn Norlock (penyunting). Evil, Political Violence, and Forgiveness: Essays in Honor of Claudia Card. Lexington. m/s. 53–76. ISBN 978-0739136508.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • MacKinnon, Catherine A. (2006). "Genocide Rape Is Different Than War Rape". Center on Law & Globalization.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Poloni-Staudinger, Lori; Ortbals, Candice D. (2012). "Rape as a Weapon of War and Genocide". Terrorism and Violent Conflict: Women's Agency, Leadership, and Responses. Springer. ISBN 978-1461456407.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Rothe, Dawn (2009). State Criminality: The Crime of All Crimes. Lexington. ISBN 978-0739126721.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Russell-Brown, Sherrie L. (2003). "Rape as an Act of Genocide". Berkeley Journal of International Law. 21 (2).CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sajjad, Tazreena (2012). "The Post-Genocidal Period and its Impact on Women". Dalam Samuel Totten (penyunting). Plight and Fate of Women During and Following Genocide (ed. Reprint). Transaction. m/s. 219–248. ISBN 978-1412847599.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Sharlach, Lisa (2000). "Rape as Genocide: Bangladesh, the Former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda". New Political Science. 1 (22): 89–102. doi:10.1080/713687893.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smith, Roger W. (2013). "Genocide and the Politics of Rape". Dalam Joyce Apsel, Ernesto Verdeja (penyunting). Genocide Matters: Ongoing Issues and Emerging Perspectives. Routledge. m/s. 82–105. ISBN 978-0415814966.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Smith-Spark, Laura (8 December 2004). "How did rape become a weapon of war?". British Broadcasting Corporation. Dicapai pada 29 December 2013.
  • Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul R. (2007). Dictionary of Genocide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0313329678.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2005). Evil and Human Agency: Understanding Collective Evildoing. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521673570.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)