क्वय् बियातःगु रुपरेखायात इपिस्तेमोलोजीया अवलोकन व गाइडकथं बियातःगु दु ।
इपिस्तेमोलोजी (वा ज्ञानया सिद्धान्त ) – ज्ञानलिसे स्वापू दूगु दर्शनया कचा।[१] थ्व खँग्वः अंग्रेजी भाषाय् स्कटिश दार्शनिक जेम्स फ्रेडरिक फेरियरं (१८०८–१८६४) न्ह्यथनादिल।[२] इपिस्तेमोलोजीइ ज्ञान नापा स्वापू दूगु थीथी न्ह्यसःत न्यनि: "ज्ञान छु ख?", "ज्ञान गथे यानाः प्राप्त जुइ?", व "मनुतेसं छु सिउ?"
- ज्ञान
- ज्ञानया स्रोत (प्रमाण संस्कृतय्)
- ज्ञानया प्रकार
- वर्णनात्मक ज्ञान – "ज्ञान गुकिलिं"।
- प्रक्रियागत ज्ञान – "ज्ञान गथे"
- परिचययात्मक द्वारा ज्ञान
- A priori व a posteriori
- विश्लेषणात्मक–सिन्थेटिक भेद
- गेटियर समस्या
- औचित्य (Justification)
- रिग्रेस आर्गुमेन्ट
- औचित्यया सिद्धान्त
- आधारभूततावाद – मूलभूत विश्वासं मेगु, गैर-मूलभूत विश्वासयात जायज ठहर याइ।
- कोहेरेन्टिज्म – छम्ह मनुखं दयेकातःगु विश्वास मेमेगु विश्वासलिसे पाय्छि जुसाः जायज जुइ, प्रत्येक विश्वास समग्र विश्वासया व्यवस्थालिसे मेल जुसाः जायज जुइ।
- अनन्तवाद – विश्वासयात अनन्त कारणया झ्वलं जायज ठहर याइ।
- फाउन्डहेरेन्टिज्म – दोषपूर्ण आधार व समन्वय निगुलिं औचित्यया घटक खः—सुजन हाकं (Susan Haack) प्रस्तावित याःगु।
- आन्तरिकवाद व बाह्यवाद – विश्वासीं आन्तरिक ज्ञान (आन्तरिकवाद)या माध्यमं छुं विश्वासयात औचित्यपूर्ण यायेत सक्षम जुइमाः, वा पिनेया ज्ञानया स्रोतयात छ्यला छुं विश्वासयात औचित्यपूर्ण यायेफइ (बाह्यवाद) ।
- जन्मवाद – मन ज्ञान नापं जन्म जुइ।
- सुधारित ज्ञानमीमांसा – उचित संज्ञानात्मक कार्यं वारेन्टी जुइगु विश्वास—एल्विन प्लान्टिङ्गां प्रस्तावित याःगु।
- प्रमाणवाद – प्रमाणय् जक निर्भर जुइगु विश्वास ।
- विश्वसनीयता – छगू विश्वसनीय प्रक्रियाया लिच्वः खःसा दयावइगु विश्वास।
- अमोघता (Infallibilism) – ज्ञान गलत जुइगु सम्भावना मदूगु।
- फ्यालिबिलिज्म – दाबीयात निष्कर्षात्मक रुपं प्रमाणित वा जायज ठहर यायेमफुसां स्वीकार यायेफइ ।
- गैर-औचित्यवाद – दाबीयात औचित्यपूर्ण यायेगु पलेसा आक्रमण यानाः खण्डन यानाः ज्ञान उत्पादन जुइ ।
- मिथ्याकरण (मिथ्याकरण यायेफइगु)
- प्रमाण (सत्य)
- सत्य
- विश्वास
- गुण इपिस्तेमोलोजी (Virtue epistemology)
- अनुभववाद
- तर्कवाद
- इपिस्तेमोलोजीया सन्देहवाद
- व्यावहारिकतावाद
- प्राकृतिक इपिस्तेमोलोजी
- सन्दर्भवाद
- सापेक्षवाद
- रचनावादी इपिस्तेमोलोजी
- आदर्शवाद
- बायेसियन इपिस्तेमोलोजी
- नारीवादी इपिस्तेमोलोजी
- जन्मजातवाद
- सोझा यथार्थवाद
- घटनावाद
- सकारात्मकतावाद
- आलोचनात्मक तर्कवाद
- औपचारिक इपिस्तेमोलोजी – परम्परागत ज्ञानात्मक समस्यायात स्पष्ट यायेत तर्क, सम्भाव्यता सिद्धान्त व गणना योग्यता सिद्धान्तपाखें औपचारिक विधि छ्यलीगु इपिस्तेमोलोजीया उपविषय
- कम्प्यूटेशनल इपिस्टेमोलोजी
- ऐतिहासिक इपिस्तेमोलोजी – थी थी ताजिया ज्ञानया ऐतिहासिक अवस्था व हिलासूया अध्ययन
- मेटा-इपिस्तेमोलोजी – ज्ञानशास्त्रया विषय, पदार्थ, विधि व उद्देश्य व ज्ञानयात थुइकेगु व संरचना यायेगु दृष्टिकोणया आध्यात्मिक अध्ययन
- सामाजिक इपिस्तेमोलोजी – सामूहिक ज्ञान व ज्ञान नाप सामाजिक आयामया अध्ययन
- विज्ञानया दर्शन
- ज्ञानया समाजशास्त्र
- अनुप्रयुक्त ज्ञानमीमांसा
- एपिस्टेमिक तर्क
- इपिस्तेमोलोजीया इतिहास
- व्यक्तिगत इपिस्तेमोलोजी
- Annis, David (1978). "A Contextualist Theory of Epistemic Justification". American Philosophical Quarterly 15: 213–219.
- Ayer, Alfred Jules. 1936. Language, Truth, and Logic.
- BonJour, Laurence. 2002. Epistemology: Classic Problems and Contemporary Responses. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
- Bovens, Luc & Hartmann, Stephan. 2003. Bayesian Epistemology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Butchvarov, Panayot. 1970. The Concept of Knowledge. Evanston, Northwestern University Press.
- Cohen, Stewart (1998a). "Contextualist Solutions to Epistemological Problems: Skepticism, Gettier, and the Lottery". Australasian Journal of Philosophy 76 (2): 289–306. DOI:10.1080/00048409812348411.
- Cohen, Stewart. 1999. "Contextualism, Skepticism, and Reasons", in Tomberlin 1999.
- Dancy, Jonathan. 1991. An Introduction to Contemporary Epistemology (Second Edition). John Wiley & Sons. आइएसबिएन ०-६३१-१३६२२-३
- (1992) "Contextualism and Knowledge Attributions". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 15: 213–219.
- DeRose, Keith. 1999. "Contextualism: An Explanation and Defense Template:Webarchive", in Greco and Sosa 1999.
- Descartes, Rene. 1641. Meditations on First Philosophy
- Feldman, Richard. 1999. "Contextualism and Skepticism", in Tomberlin 1999, pp. 91–114.
- Gettier, Edmund. 1963. "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?", Analysis, Vol. 23, pp. 121–123. Online text Template:Webarchive.
- Greco, J. & Sosa, E. 1999. Blackwell Guide to Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
- Harris, Errol E. 1970. Hypothesis And Perception, George Allen and Unwin, London, Reprinted 2002 Routledge, London.
- (1989) "Taking Skepticism Seriously – And In Context". Philosophical Investigations 12 (3): 223–233. DOI:10.1111/j.1467-9205.1989.tb00275.x.
- Hay, Clare. 2008. The Theory of Knowledge: A Coursebook, The Lutterworth Press, Cambridge. आइएसबिएन ९७८-०-७१८८-३०८८-५
- Hawthorne, John. 2005. "The Case for Closure", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (ed.): 26–43.
- Hendricks, Vincent F. 2006. Mainstream and Formal Epistemology, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Kant, Immanuel. 1781. Critique of Pure Reason.
- Keeton, Morris T. 1962. "Empiricism", in Dictionary of Philosophy, Dagobert D. Runes (ed.), Littlefield, Adams, and Company, Totowa, NJ, pp. 89–90.
- Kirkham, Richard. 1984. "Does the Gettier Problem Rest on a Mistake?" Mind, 93.
- Klein, Peter. 1981. Certainty: a Refutation of Skepticism, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
- Kyburg, H.E. 1961. Probability and the Logic of Rational Belief, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
- Korzybski, Alfred. 1994 (1933). Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics, Fifth Edition. Ft. Worth, TX: Institute of General Semantics.
- (2012-10-12) Knowing the Difference : Feminist Perspectives in Epistemology (in en). Routledge. DOI:10.4324/9780203216125.
- (1996) "Elusive Knowledge". Australasian Journal of Philosophy 74 (4): 549–567. DOI:10.1080/00048409612347521.
- Morin, Edgar. 1986. La Méthode, Tome 3, La Connaissance de la connaissance (Method, 3rd volume : The knowledge of knowledge)
- Morton, Adam. 2002. A Guide Through the Theory of Knowledge (Third Edition) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. आइएसबिएन १-४०५१-००१२-५
- Nelson, Quee. 2007. The Slightest Philosophy, Indianapolis, IN: Dog Ear Publishing, 296 pages.
- Niiniluoto, Ilkka. 2002. Critical Scientific Realism, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- Plato. Meno.
- Popper, Karl R. 1972. Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
- Preyer, G./Siebelt, F./Ulfig, A. 1994. Language, Mind and Epistemology, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Russell, Bertrand. 1912. The Problems of Philosophy, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Russell, Bertrand. 1940. An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth, Nottingham: Spokesman Books.
- Santayana, George. 1923. Scepticism and Animal Faith, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons – London: Constable and Co.
- Spir, African. 1877. Denken und Wirklichkeit: Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie (Thought and Reality: Attempt at a Renewal of Critical Philosophy), (Second Edition) Leipzig: J.G. Findel.
- Schiffer, Stephen (1996). "Contextualist Solutions to Skepticism". Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 96: 317–333. DOI:10.1093/aristotelian/96.1.317.
- Steup, Matthias. 2005. "Knowledge and Skepticism", Contemporary Debates in Epistemology, Peter Sosa and Matthias Steup (eds.): 1–13.
- Tomberlin, James (ed.). 1999. Philosophical Perspectives 13, Epistemology, Blackwell Publishing.
- Turri, John (2016). Knowledge and the Norm of Assertion: An Essay in Philosophical Science. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. Open Book Publishers. DOI:10.11647/OBP.0083.
- Wagner, Pierre (2002). “Introduction”, Pierre Wagner Les Philosophes et la science (in fr). Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 9–65.
- Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1922. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Frank P. Ramsey and C.K. Ogden (trns.), Dover. Online text Template:Webarchive.
स्ट्यानफोर्ड इन्साइक्लोपीडिया अफ फिलोसोफी च्वसुत
- "Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Bayesian Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Evolutionary Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Naturalized Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Social Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Virtue Epistemology" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- "Knowledge How" entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
इन्टरनेट इन्साइक्लोपीडिया अफ फिलोसोफी च्वसुत
- "Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/Epistemo>
- "Coherentism", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/coherent>
- "Contextualism in Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/contextu>
- "Epistemic Circularity", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/ep-circ>
- "Epistemic Justification", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/epi-just>
- "Epistemology of Perception", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/epis-per>
- "Ethnoepistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethno-ep>
- "Evolutionary Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/evo-epis>
- "Fallibilism", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/fallibil>
- "Feminist Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/fem-epis>
- "Infinitism in Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/inf-epis>
- "Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/int-ext>
- "Moral Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/mor-epis>
- "Naturalistic Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/nat-epis>
- "Virtue Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/virtueep>
- "Understanding in Epistemology", Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://www.iep.utm.edu/understa>
-
इन्साइक्लोपेडिया ब्रिटानिका
मेगु लिङ्कत
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 3, 1967, Macmillan, Inc.
- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2007