Moarte psihică
Moartea eului sau moartea psihică este o „pierdere completă a identității de sine”.[1] Termenul este folosit în diferite contexte interconectate, cu înțelesuri corelaționate. În psihologia jungiană este utilizat termenul sinonim moartea psihică, care se referă la o transformare fundamentală a psihicului.[2] În mitologia morții și a renașterii, moartea eului este o fază a renunțării de sine și a trecerii,[3][4][5][6] așa cum este descrisă de Joseph Campbell în cercetările sale cu privire la călătoria eroului mitic.[3] Ea este o temă recurentă în mitologia universală și este folosită, de asemenea, ca metaforă în unele componente ale gândirii occidentale contemporane.[6]
În descrierea experiențelor psihedelice, termenul este folosit ca sinonim cu pierderea eului,[7][8][1][9] pentru a se referi la pierderea (temporară) a identității de sine ca urmare a utilizării unor droguri psihedelice.[10][11][1] Termenul a fost folosit ca atare de Timothy Leary și alții[1] pentru a descrie moartea eului[12] în prima fază a halucinației produse de consumul de LSD, în care are loc o „transcendență completă” a eului[note 1] și o „dedublare a personalității”.[note 2][13] Conceptul este utilizat, de asemenea, în spiritualitatea contemporană și în abordarea modernă a religiilor orientale pentru a descrie o pierdere permanentă a „atașamentului față de identitatea de sine” și a egocentrismului.[14] Această concepție are un rol esențial în învățăturile promovate de Eckhart Tolle, în care eul este prezentat ca o acumulare de gânduri și emoții, și numai prin eliberarea conștiinței individuale se poate realiza eliberarea de suferință (în sensul budist al termenului).[15]
Dezvoltarea conceptului
[modificare | modificare sursă]Conceptul de „moartea eului” a fost dezvoltat de mai multe școli și curente de gândire, mai ales de mișcări romantice[16] și subculturi,[17] în teosofie,[18] cercetări antropologice privind riturile de trecere[19] și șamanismul,[17] mitologia comparată a lui Joseph Campbell,[4][5][6][3] psihologia jungiană,[20][3] experimentele psihedelice din anii 1960[21] și psihologia transpersonală.[22]
Note
[modificare | modificare sursă]- ^ Leary et al.: "The first period (Chikhai Bardo) is that of complete transcendence − beyond words, beyond space−time, beyond self. There are no visions, no sense of self, no thoughts. There are only pure awareness and ecstatic freedom from all game (and biological) involvements."[13]
- ^ Leary et al.: ""Games" are behavioral sequences defined by roles, rules, rituals, goals, strategies, values, language, characteristic space−time locations and characteristic patterns of movement.[13]
Referințe
[modificare | modificare sursă]- ^ a b c d Johnson, Richards & Griffiths 2008.
- ^ Ventegodt & Merrick 2003, p. 1021.
- ^ a b c d Taylor 2008, p. 1749.
- ^ a b Plotkin 2010, p. 467, note 1.
- ^ a b Rosen 1998, p. 228.
- ^ a b c Atkinson 1995, p. 31.
- ^ Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 14.
- ^ Merkur 1998, p. 58.
- ^ Dickins 2014, p. 374.
- ^ Merkur 1998, p. 60.
- ^ Harrison 2010.
- ^ Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 12.
- ^ a b c Leary, Metzner & Alpert 1964, p. 5.
- ^ White 2012, p. 7.
- ^ Tolle, Eckhart (). The Power of Now. San Francisco Bay: 1997 (Namaste Publishing) 1999 (New World Library). p. 236. ISBN 978-1-57731-152-2.
- ^ Merkur 2014, p. 211.
- ^ a b Merkur 2014, p. 212.
- ^ Reynolds 1989, p. 72-73, 78.
- ^ Taylor 2008, p. 1748-1749.
- ^ Rosen 1998, p. 226.
- ^ Merkur 2014, p. 219-221.
- ^ Grof 1988.
Bibliografie
[modificare | modificare sursă]Surse tipărite
[modificare | modificare sursă]- Alnaes, Randolf (), „Therapeutic applications of the change in consciousness produced by psycholytica (LSD, Psilocyrin, etc.)”, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 39: 397–409, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1964.tb04952.x
- Atkinson, Robert (), The Gift of Stories: Practical and Spiritual Applications of Autobiography, Life Stories, and Personal Mythmaking, Greenwood Publishing Group
- Bromell, Nick (), Tomorrow Never Knows: Rock and Psychedelics in the 1960s, University of Chicago Press
- Campbell, Joseph (), The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Princeton University Press
- Chapman, Rob (), A Very Irregular Head: The Life of Syd Barrett, Da Capo Press
- Conners, Peter (), White Hand Society: The Psychedelic Partnership of Timothy Leary & Allen Ginsberg, City Lights Books
- Dickins, Robert (), Variety of Religious Paths in Psychedelic Literature. In: J. Harold Ellens (ed.), "Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances: Chemical Paths to Spirituality and to God", ABC-CLIO
- Dourley, John P. (), Paul Tillich, Carl Jung and the Recovery of Religion, Routledge
- Ellens, J. Harold (), Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances: Chemical Paths to Spirituality and to God, ABC-CLIO
- Fordham, Michael (), Jungian Psychotherapy: A Study in Analytical Psychology, Karnac Books
- Gould, Jonathan (), Can't Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain, and America, Crown Publishing Group
- Grof, Stanislav (), The Adventure of Self-Discovery. Dimensions of Consciousness and New Perspectives in Psychotherapy and Inner Exploration, SUNY Press
- Harmless, William (), Mystics, Oxford University Press
- Harrison, John (), Ego Death & Psychedelics (PDF), MAPS
- Hisamatsu, Shinʼichi (), Critical Sermons of the Zen Tradition: Hisamatsu's Talks on Linji, University of Hawaii Press
- Hood, Ralph W. (), „The Construction and Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Reported Mystical Experience”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 14 (1): 29, doi:10.2307/1384454
- Jacobs, Alan (), „Advaita and Western Neo-Advaita”, The Mountain Path Journal, Ramanasramam: 81–88, arhivat din original la , accesat în
- Johnson, M.W.; Richards, W.A.; Griffiths, R.R. (), „Human hallucinogen research: guidelines for safety” (PDF), Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22 (6): 603–620, doi:10.1177/0269881108093587, PMC 3056407
, PMID 18593734, arhivat din original (PDF) la , accesat în - Kapleau, Philip (), The three pillars of Zen
- Katz, Steven T. (), Mysticism and Sacred Scripture, Oxford University Press
- King, Richard (), Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East", Routledge
- Kraft, Kenneth (), Eloquent Zen: Daitō and Early Japanese Zen, University of Hawaii Press
- Lama Surya Das (), Awakening To The Sacred, Random House
- Leary, Timothy; Metzner, Ralph; Alpert, Richard (), THE PSYCHEDELIC EXPERIENCE. A manual based on THE TIBETAN BOOK OF THE DEAD (PDF)
- Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (), Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD : the CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond, Grove Press
- Leeming, David A.; Madden, Kathryn; Marlan, Stanton (), Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion: L-Z, Springer Science & Business Media
- Loy, David (), Lack and transcendence: the problem of death and life in psychotherapy, existentialism, and Buddhism, Humanity Books
- Loy, David (), The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory, Wisdom Publications Inc.
- Lyvers, M.; Meester, M. (), „Illicit Use of LSD or Psilocybin, but not MDMA or Nonpsychedelic Drugs, is Associated with Mystical Experiences in a Dose-Dependent Manner.”, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 44 (5): 410–417, doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.736842
- MacInnes, Elaine (), The Flowing Bridge: Guidance on Beginning Zen Koans, Wisdom Publications
- Maezumi, Taizan; Glassman, Bernie (), The Hazy Moon of Enlightenment, Wisdom Publications
- McMahan, David L. (), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195183276
- Merkur, Daniel (), The Ecstatic Imagination: Psychedelic Experiences and the Psychoanalysis of Self-Actualization, SUNY Press
- Merkur, Daniel (), Crucified with Christ: Meditations on the Passion, Mystical Death, and the Medieval : Invention of Psychotherapy, SUNY Press
- Merkur, Daniel (), The Formation of Hippie Spirituality: 1. Union with God. In: J. Harold Ellens (ed.), "Seeking the Sacred with Psychoactive Substances: Chemical Paths to Spirituality and to God", ABC-CLIO
- Nour, M.; Evans, L.; Nutt, D.; Carhart-Harris, R. (), „Ego-Dissolution and Psychedelics: Validation of the Ego-Dissolution Inventory (EDI)”, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00269
- Park, Jin Y. (), Buddhisms and Deconstructions, Rowman & Littlefield
- Phipps, Carter (), „Self-Acceptance or Ego Death?”, What is Enlightenment?, 17: 36– 41
- Plotkin, Bill (), Nature and the Human Soul: Cultivating Wholeness and Community in a Fragmented World, New World Library
- Reynolds, John Myrdhin (), Self-Liberation Through Seeing With Naked Awareness, Station Hill Press
- Rindfleisch, Jennifer (), „The Death of the Ego in East-Meets-West Spirituality: Diverse Views From Prominent Authors”, Zygon, 42 (1)
- Roberts, Bernadette (), What is self? A Study of the Spiritual Journey in Terms of Consciousness, Sentient Publications
- Rosen, Larry H. (), Archetypes of Transformation: Healing the Self/Other Split Through Active Omagination. In: Cooke et al (eds.), "The Fantastic Other: An Interface of Perspectives, Volume 11", Rodopi
- Safran, Jeremy D. (), Psychoanalysis and Buddhism: An Unfolding Dialogue, Wisdom Publications Inc.
- Sekida (translator), Katsuki (), Two Zen Classics. Mumonkan, The Gateless Gate. Hekiganroku, The Blue Cliff Records. Translated with commentaries by Katsuki Sekida, New York / Tokyo: Weatherhill
- Shore, Jeff (), What is self? Foreword by Jeff Shore. In: Bernadette Roberts (2004), "What is self? A Study of the Spiritual Journey in Terms of Consciousness", Sentient Publications
- Stephenson, William (), Gonzo Republic: Hunter S. Thompson's America, Bloomsbury Publishing USA
- Taylor, Bron (), Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature, A&C Black
- Ventegodt, Soren; Merrick, Joav (), „Measurement of Quality of Life VII. Statistical Covariation and Global Quality of Life Data: The Method of Weight-Modified Linear Regression”, The Scientific World Journal, 3: 1020–1029, doi:10.1100/tsw.2003.89
- Waddell, Norman (), Introduction to Wild Ivy: The Spiritual Autobiography of Zen Master Hakuin, Shambhala Publications
- Welwood, John (), Toward a Psychology of Awakening: Buddhism, Psychotherapy, and the Path of Personal and Spiritual Transformation, Shambhala Publications
- White, Richard (), The Heart of Wisdom: A Philosophy of Spiritual Life, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
- Yoshizawa, Katsuhiro (), The Religious Art of Zen Master Hakuin, Counterpoint Press
Lectură suplimentară
[modificare | modificare sursă]- Penner, James (), Timothy Leary: The Harvard Years: Early Writings on LSD and Psilocybin with Richard Alpert, Huston Smith, Ralph Metzner, and others, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co
- Henderson, Joseph Lewis; Oakes, Maud (), The Wisdom of the Serpent: The Myths of Death, Rebirth, and Resurrection, Princeton University Press
- Grof, Stanislav; Halifax, Joan (), The Human Encounter With Death (PDF), Dutton
- Merton, Thomas (), Transcendent Experience. Who Is It Who Has Transcendent Experiences? In: Merton, "Zen and the Birds of Appetite", New Directions Publishing
- Low, David (), „The Nonduality of Life and Death: A Buddhist View of Repression”, Philosophy East and West, 40 (2): 151–174, doi:10.2307/1399226 Mai multe valori specificate pentru
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Legături externe
[modificare | modificare sursă]- Spiritualitate
- Osho, "Ego - The False Center"
- The Almaasery, "Ego Death" Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
- Dr. Sara Kendall Gordon (Pralaya) (2013), Reconsidering Ego Death and the False Self, Undivided, The Online Journal of Nonduality and Psychology Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
- Depersonalizare
- Depersonalisation versus Enlightenment talk by Shinzen Young, and first-hand narratives of experiences of DP/DR and "non-ego"
- You Do NOt Exist: A Look Inside Ego Death Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
- Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder or Zen/Emptiness Sickness - Part One Arhivat în , la Wayback Machine.
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