Amashyamba yabaturage

Ibarura rusange ry’amashyamba ya Peru

Amashyamba y’abaturage ni ishami ry’amashyamba agenda atera imbere aho abaturage baho bafite uruhare runini mu micungire y’amashyamba no gufata ibyemezo by’ubutaka ubwabo mu korohereza leta ndetse n’abakozi bashinzwe impinduka. Harimo uruhare n’ubufatanye by’abafatanyabikorwa batandukanye barimo abaturage, leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (ONG). Yamenyekanye cyane mu myaka ya za 70 rwagati kandi ingero z’amashyamba y’abaturage zirashobora kugaragara mu bihugu byinshi birimo Nepal, Indoneziya, Koreya, Burezili, Ubuhinde na Amerika ya Ruguru .

Ishyamba

ishyamba

Incamake

Ibiti biva mu ishyamba ryabaturage muri Oaxaca, Mexico

Amashyamba rusange ni ishami ry’amashyamba yita ku micungire y’amashyamba kugirango yinjize amafaranga ava mu biti n’ibiti bitari ibiti nk’ibicuruzwa mu gihe ku rundi ruhande bigenga urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima, gutura mu nsi y’inyungu ziva mu kubungabunga amazi, gukwirakwiza karubone n’indangagaciro nziza nka muburyo bwa serivisi. Yafashwe nk'imwe mu nzira zitanga icyizere cyo guhuza kubungabunga amashyamba n'iterambere ry'icyaro. ^[1] Amashyamba yabaturage abaho mugihe abaturage baho mukarere bafite uruhare runini mugufatira ibyemezo imikoreshereze yubutaka kandi mugihe abaturage banyuzwe nuruhare rwabo ninyungu zituruka kumicungire y’amashyamba akikije umutungo wacyo. ^[2]

Amashyamba y’abaturage ashyirwa mu bikorwa bwa mbere binyuze mu gushyiraho urwego rw’amategeko n’inzego zirimo kuvugurura amahame n’amategeko agenga imicungire y’amashyamba, guteza imbere gahunda z’amashyamba y’igihugu no gushimangira gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage kugeza ku nzego z’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu. Umurongo wa kabiri wingenzi wibikorwa ni ugushyira mubikorwa imishinga yicyitegererezo kugirango yerekane ko bishoboka amashyamba y’abaturage  . Nyamara, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’amahanga bwerekana ko ibisabwa bya tekiniki, imicungire n’imari byateganijwe n’uru rwego. ^[3]

mwaka wa 2016, FAO yavuze ko hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’amashyamba ku isi ari mu buryo bunoze bwo gucunga abaturage.

ishyamba

Amateka

Kuboneka kw'amashyamba akenshi bigabanuka cyane kugirango bikoreshwe nabaturage baho kubera umuvuduko ukabije wo guhinga ubutaka, gushingira kumashyamba nabyo bigira ingaruka kumahinduka mubukungu na politiki. ^[4] Imihindagurikire y’amashyamba y’abaturage muri Nepal yatangiye guhera mu mpera za za 70 kandi yatangijwe bwa mbere mu rwego rwo kunoza imicungire y’umutungo w’amashyamba no gukemura ibibazo.^[5] Mu myaka 20 ishize, amashyamba y’abaturage yakoreshejwe neza mu bihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, intego nyamukuru yayo ni ukurandura ubukene hagati y’amashyamba yaho ndetse no kubungabunga amashyamba. ^[2]

Abafatanyabikorwa

Uruhare rwa zimwe mu nzego zinyuranye z’abaturage, leta n’imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta (ONG) ni ngombwa kugira ngo umushinga ugende neza. Mugihe abafatanyabikorwa runaka batandukanye hagati yimishinga itandukanye y’amashyamba yabaturage amatsinda yibanze yabafatanyabikorwa ni aya akurikira:

Umuganda waho

Abaturage baturanye cyangwa ishyamba

Ubuyobozi gakondo burimo umutware wumudugudu, abasaza, abatware bimiryango, nubuyobozi bwumwuka

Imiryango ishingiye ku baturage harimo amatsinda akoresha amashyamba, imiyoboro yo kurinda amashyamba hagati y’imidugudu, nibindi.

Abahagarariye abaturage / inama zaho

Guverinoma

Ubutegetsi bwa Leta

Ubutegetsi bw'igihugu

Amashami y’ubuhinzi, amashyamba, ibidukikije nibindi. (umwihariko igihugu na / cyangwa akarere)

Imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta

Amatsinda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije

Inganda z’amashyamba

Inganda zishingiye ku mashyamba (ni ukuvuga ibicuruzwa bisarurwa bitari ibiti, urugero inyama z'imikino)

Inganda zubukerarugendo

Amatsinda yimibereho yinyamaswa

Ibinyabuzima bisanzwe

Abafatanyabikorwa mu mashyamba y’abaturage bafite inyungu zo gushyiraho imikorere irambye, kureba ko amashyamba arinzwe bihagije kugira ngo arambe cyangwa agabanye ibikorwa bitemewe kandi acunge akarere mu buryo bwo guteza imbere ubukerarugendo no kubungabunga. Muri ibi bihe, abafatanyabikorwa bafashe umwanzuro wo guha umutungo w’amashyamba abaturage baho, gucunga no gukoresha ibyemezo byabo. amashyamba bisa nkaho ari ingingo yingenzi yo gucunga neza amashyamba yabaturage. Hashyizweho ibihe byinshi byigihe kizaza kugirango bifashe inzira yibidukikije. ^[6]

Inzitizi

Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe muri Amazone yo muri Burezile bwemeje ko hari ibibazo byinshi bagomba guhura nabyo mugihe hategurwa ingamba zihamye zo gucunga amashyamba yabaturage. Izi mbogamizi zivugwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2 kandi Ishusho ya 1 yerekana ingaruka buri kibazo cyo kuyobora kigira ku zindi mbogamizi. ^[7]

Imbonerahamwe 2. Inzitizi zihura n’abafatanyabikorwa bayobora amashyamba ^[7]

Kugirango gahunda yo kubungabunga ishyamba ryabaturage igende neza, uruhare rwabaturage ni ngombwa. Guverinoma zishishikajwe no kubungabunga amashyamba zitangiza politiki n’amategeko mu gihugu cyose zananiwe gutanga umusaruro wifuzwa nko mu Bushinwa, Nepal na Peru.

Kubungabunga inyamaswa

Nubwo hari ubushakashatsi buke ku ruhare rw’amashyamba y’abaturage mu kubungabunga inyamaswa, ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwerekana ko bufasha mu kubungabunga inyamaswa. ^[8]

Nepal

Ubutaka busanzwe muri Nepal bufitwe na leta ikunze kuba idafite ubushobozi bwo gukurikirana no gucunga ako karere. Amatsinda y’abakoresha amashyamba' (FUG) yo gucunga umutungo w’amashyamba atabahaye nyir'ubutaka. Gahunda yo gucunga amashyamba muri Nepal iba imwe muri gahunda zatsinze kuri 8 kwisi yose izwi kuri Rio 20+. Ibi byatanze umusaruro ushimishije mukarere. ^[9]

Indoneziya

Abaturage bo mu miryango itatu yo mu karere ka Bantaeng muri Indoneziya, babifashijwemo n'umushinga watewe inkunga babonye uruhushya rwo gucunga amashyamba kandi babona ubukode bw'imyaka 35 ku ishyamba ryabo. ^[10]

Koreya

Abahinzi bagirana amasezerano yo kugabana inyungu n’ishyirahamwe ry’amashyamba ry’imidugudu (VFA) kugira ngo bashireho koperative ifasha abahinzi gutera amashyamba hakurikijwe amategeko.Sisitemu yerekana kuvanga ibyifuzo byo hejuru-hasi na hasi-hejuru igenzura igenzura rya leta kimwe no gutera amashyamba neza binyuze mubaturage babigizemo uruhare. ^[11]

Sisitemu yo kuyobora

Kubera ko bidashoboka ko ibice byombi bigira imiterere ni mibereho n’ubukungu n’ibidukikije. Hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu myaka itari mike muri Nepal, byagaragaye ko kugira kandi uburyo bunoze bwo gucunga neza, dukeneye kumenya impinduka zagira ingaruka ku ntsinzi :

(I) ibiranga ibikoresho sisitemu,

(II) ibiranga abakoresha itsinda,

(III) ibiranga gahunda y'imiyoborere,

(IV) ibiranga bijyanye n'imikoranire hagati yitsinda ryabakoresha nibikoresho, na

(V) ibiranga bijyanye n'imikoranire hagati ya sisitemu y'imiyoborere n'umutungo.

Rimwe na rimwe, ntibishoboka ko umuntu ategereza iterambere mu micungire y’ibikorwa by’amashyamba, kuko akenshi havuka amakimbirane ajyanye no gukoresha ubutaka no kugabana inyungu mu baturage. ^[11]

(I) Ubuyobozi nitsinda rito ryimirimo mubaturage, gusangira inyungu rusange mumikoro.

(II) Gahunda yubuyobozi isobanutse hamwe ninyungu zihariye zo kugabana inyungu mumatsinda yumurimo.

(III) Gutezimbere sisitemu yo kuyobora iri mubuhanga bwitsinda ryakazi. ^[12]

Imiryango yizera iragenda igira uruhare mubikorwa byo guteza imbere ibidukikije. Mugihe imyaka 50-100 ishize yababonye bakodesha akarere kabo munganda.^[13] Muri Nzeri 2010, abihayimana b'Ababuda bahawe igihembo cya Equator cya UNDP kubera ibikorwa byabo byo kubungabunga ibidukikije. ^[14] Ibi bikubiyemo gushyiraho pepiniyeri y'ibiti, gukwirakwiza ingemwe. Bakora uyu murimo kugirango bateze imbere ubuzima burambye no kubungabunga ibidukikije mu turere dutatu; umushinga w'icyitegererezo, watangijwe mu 1997 muri Kratie ugizwe numuyoboro wa pagoda esheshatu ufite 1,461 hectares (3,610 acres) . Urubuga rwahindutse isoko yamakuru yamakuru nuburere bushingiye ku bidukikije ndetse n’ibanze ku baturage baho.

Inkunga

Ishyamba ryimirima kugirango rikoreshwe murugo

(I) Kubungabunga isoko yimibereho yabaturage

(II) Kubungabunga ubusugire bwubutaka mukurinda isuri.

. ^[11] Igiti cya Neem cyatangijwe muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba none ni cyo giti cyakuze cyane mu bice byumye ku mugabane. Yahingwaga byoroshye kandi igaha abahinzi ibiti byiza, lisansi nigicucu.

(IV) Gutezimbere imiyoboro y'incuke binyuze mubikorwa byo gufasha bifasha inkunga. Ibi bishishikariza kwihangira imirimo kubyara ibiti byo kugurisha. ^[12]

Amashyamba yimirima kumasoko

Guhinga ibiti birashobora gufata imiterere yigihingwa ahari isoko ryibicuruzwa nkibiti, inkwi, lisansi na pulp yo gukora impapuro. Amasosiyete ahuza abahinzi kugirango batange ibyo bicuruzwa bitanga isoko ihamye yinjiza abahinzi. Kurugero, muri Philippines, abahinzi barenga 3000 bahinga ibiti kugirango babyaze umusaruro inganda zitanga isoko ndetse nigiciro gito cyibicuruzwa, ^{[15] [11]}

Reba

1. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO. 1978. Forestry for local community development. Forestry Paper 7. Rome.
2. Roberts, E.H.; Gautam, M.K. "Community Forestry Lessons for Australia: A review of international case studies" (PDF). School of Resources, Environment & Society; The Australian National University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2012. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
3. "Community Forestry in the Amazon: the unsolved challenge of forests and the poor". Overseas Development Institute. February 2008. Archived from the original on 2010-06-14. Retrieved 2023-02-18.
4. Arnold, J.E.M. "Forests and People: 25 years of Community Forestry" (PDF). FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. Rome, 2001. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
5. : 97–113. {{cite journal}}: ; Missing or empty |title= (help)
6. : 97–103. {{cite journal}}: ; Missing or empty |title= (help)
7. : 2159–2169. {{cite journal}}: ; Missing or empty |title= (help)
8. GHIMIRE, H. R., & PHUYAL, S(2013). "Impacts of Community Forestry on the Bengal Monitor, Varanus bengalensis (Daudin, 1802): An Empirical Study from Nepal." Biawak 7(1): 11-17. http://varanidae.org/7_1__Ghimire_and_Phuyal.pdf
9. : 5–20. {{cite journal}}: ; Missing or empty |title= (help)
10. RECOFTC. "Indonesia Community-Based Forest Management". The Center for People and Forests, Bangkok, Thailand. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
11. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. "Forestry Paper 64: Tree Growing by Rural People, 1985". Retrieved 24 September 2011.
12. : 122–128. {{cite journal}}: ; Missing or empty |title= (help)
13. . p. 46. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
14. "Equator Prize 2010: Monks Community Forestry". Equator Initiative. September 2010. Retrieved November 17, 2010.
15. : 23–49. {{cite journal}}: ; Missing or empty |title= (help)