ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ
ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱽᱫᱤ ᱮᱠᱥᱯᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ
ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱮᱱᱮᱞ
ᱦᱟᱞᱚᱛᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ
ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱤᱠᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞ
ᱞᱳᱠᱟᱞᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ, ᱛᱟᱢᱤᱞᱱᱟᱰᱩ
ᱡᱤᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ
ᱥᱮᱵᱟ
ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱤᱡᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩ᱑᱘᱙᱙
ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠᱮᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ
ᱴᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ455 km (283 mi)
ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞ᱒
ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ5 ft 6 in (᱑,᱖᱗᱖ mm) ᱵᱨᱚᱰ ᱜᱮᱡᱽ
ᱵᱤᱡᱽᱞᱤ ᱡᱚᱯᱲᱟᱣᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ
ᱚᱯᱟᱨᱮᱴᱤᱝ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ᱑᱓᱐/ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ
ᱨᱩᱴ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱱᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ

ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱱᱫᱷᱨᱚ ᱯᱨᱚᱫᱮᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬᱩᱛ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱣᱲᱟ-ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ-ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑][᱒]

ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱜᱷᱟᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱨᱳᱢᱚᱱᱰᱚᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱟ ᱾[᱓][᱔]

ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕]

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱨᱟᱛᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱘᱙᱐ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱳᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱸᱴᱠᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱳᱨᱢᱩᱜᱟᱶ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾[᱖] ᱑᱘᱙᱓ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ, ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱴᱚᱠ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱑,᱒᱘᱗ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱘᱐᱐ ᱢᱤᱞ) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ,[᱗][᱘] ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱞᱤᱸᱠ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱖] ᱑᱙᱐᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱥᱴ ᱠᱚᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱦᱮᱫ (ᱵᱟᱞᱴᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ) ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱙] ᱑ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱓᱑ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱴᱨᱮᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱵᱮᱡᱽᱣᱟᱲᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱗.᱕ ᱢᱤᱞ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱔᱖ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱨᱤᱰᱵᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱘ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱱᱰᱤᱝ ᱣᱮᱵ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱴ ᱑᱐᱑ ᱢᱟᱭᱞᱮᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱙ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱔᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱚᱞ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱮᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱓᱑ ᱢᱟᱨᱪ ᱑᱙᱖᱑ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱑᱐᱑ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱐]

ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱲᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ, ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱔ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱑᱙᱕᱑ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱨᱟᱛᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱭᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱠᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢ ᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒ ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱑᱙᱖᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱠᱚᱱᱫᱽᱨᱟᱵᱟᱫᱽ, ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱯᱩᱨ, ᱦᱩᱵᱽᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱤᱡᱟᱢᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱨᱟᱱᱴᱤᱥᱩᱫᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱫᱽᱨᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱢᱚᱦᱨᱟᱛᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱗᱗ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱚᱡᱽᱠᱚᱞ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱯᱩᱨ ᱰᱤᱵᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱐ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱗ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱑᱑]

ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱠᱮᱥᱚᱱ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱦᱟᱣᱲᱟ-ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱢᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱖᱕ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱰᱤᱡᱮᱞ ᱤᱱᱡᱤᱱ (WDM-1) ᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱒] ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ-ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱘᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱣᱲᱟ-ᱪᱮᱱᱱᱟᱭ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐᱐᱕ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑᱓] ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱤᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ: ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱞᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱙-᱘᱐; ᱪᱤᱨᱟᱞᱟ-ᱳᱝᱜᱚᱞ, ᱳᱝᱜᱚᱞ-ᱩᱞᱚᱵᱟᱯᱟᱰᱩ, ᱭᱩᱞᱚᱵᱟᱯᱟᱰᱩ-ᱵᱤᱴᱨᱟᱜᱩᱸᱴᱟ, ᱵᱤᱴᱨᱟᱜᱩᱸᱴᱟ-ᱯᱟᱜᱩᱰᱩᱯᱟᱰᱩ, ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ-ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱚᱛᱜᱤᱨᱤ, ᱵᱷᱮᱱᱠᱚᱛᱜᱤᱨᱤ-ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱜᱩᱸᱴᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱜᱩᱸᱴᱟ-ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱓-᱘᱕; ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱨ-ᱜᱩᱸᱴᱩᱨ, ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱦᱟᱨ-ᱛᱷᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱩᱸᱴᱩᱨ-ᱛᱷᱮᱱᱮᱞᱤ ᱑᱙᱘᱗-᱘᱘᱙; ᱟᱨᱚᱠᱚᱱᱚᱢ-ᱨᱮᱱᱤᱜᱩᱸᱴᱟ ᱑᱙᱘᱒-᱘᱕ ᱾[᱑᱔]

ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱫᱤᱞᱞᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱭᱵᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱮᱢ.ᱡᱤ. ᱨᱟᱢᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ (ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ ᱴᱨᱟᱸᱠ ᱰᱟᱦᱟᱨ), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ-ᱜᱩᱰᱩᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ "ᱜᱨᱩᱯ ᱮ" ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱑᱖᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ/ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱤᱡ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱟᱵᱟᱱ ᱮᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ/ᱴᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱕]

ᱯᱟᱥᱮᱱᱡᱚᱨ ᱞᱟᱲᱟᱣᱱᱟ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]

ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱪᱤ ᱛᱷᱟᱞᱟᱭᱵᱚᱨ ᱰᱨ. ᱮᱢ.ᱡᱤ. ᱨᱟᱢᱪᱚᱸᱫᱽᱨᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱸᱴᱨᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ, ᱵᱤᱡᱚᱭᱣᱟᱰᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱮᱞᱞᱳᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱤᱨᱩᱯᱚᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱳᱨ ᱠᱟᱴᱯᱟᱰᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱞᱣᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱵᱩᱠᱤᱝ ᱥᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱑᱖]

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]
  1. ↑ "3rd rail line joining Duvvada, Gudur to be completed in 5 yrs". The Business Standard. Vijayawada. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  2. ↑ "Goods train derailment: SCR cancels several trains". The Hindu. Vijayawada. 25 April 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  3. ↑ "Coastal Plains of India". Country facts – the world at your finger tips. Archived from the original on 2013-05-30. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
  4. ↑ "The Coastal Plains of India". Zahie.com. Archived from the original on 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
  5. ↑ "Vijayawada Gudur Jan Shatabdi". India Rail Info. Retrieved 2013-02-10.
  6. ↑ ᱖.᱐ ᱖.᱑ "IR History:Early days II". 1870–1899. IRFCA. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  7. ↑ "Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway". South Eastern Railway. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  8. ↑ "History of Waltair Division". Mannanna.com. Archived from the original on 11 ᱚᱠᱴᱚᱵᱚᱨ 2012. Retrieved 2 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2013.
  9. ↑ "IR History: Part III (1900–1947)". IRFCA. Retrieved 2013-01-19.
  10. ↑ https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1559/1/lsd_02_06_18-11-1958.pdf page 34
  11. ↑ "Geography – Railway Zones". IRFCA. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  12. ↑ "IR History: Part – IV (1947–1970)". IRFCA. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
  13. ↑ "IR History Part VII (2000-present)". IRFCA. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  14. ↑ "History of Electrification". IRFCA. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
  15. ↑ "Chapter II – The Maintenance of Permanent Way". Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  16. ↑ "Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry". Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways. IRFCA. Archived from the original on 10 May 2014. Retrieved 2012-12-30.

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

[ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ | ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ]