Boynton v. Virginia
| Boynton v. Virginia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued October 12, 1960 Decided December 5, 1960 | |
| Full case name | Boynton v. Virginia |
| Citations | 364 U.S. 454 (more) |
| Holding | |
| Racial segregation in public transportation is illegal under the Interstate Commerce Act. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Black, joined by Warren, Frankfurter, Douglas, Harlan, Brennan, Stewart |
| Dissent | Whittaker, joined by Clark |
| Laws applied | |
| Interstate Commerce Act | |
Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U.S. 454 (1960), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. On December 20, 1958, Bruce Boynton, a senior at Howard Law School, left Washington, D.C. on a bus to go home for Christmas to Montgomery, Alabama.[1] At the bus terminal in Richmond, Virginia he entered the restaurant and sat in the "white only" section.[1] For refusing to leave, he was arrested and convicted for violating a Virginia statute making it illegal for anyone "without authority of law" to remain after being forbidden to do so.[2] He then appealed the conviction to the Supreme Court of Virginia. He maintained “that his conviction violated the Interstate Commerce Act and the Equal Protection, Due Process and Commerce Clauses of the Federal Constitution.”[3] But the state Supreme Court upheld his conviction.He next petitioned the United States Supreme Court for certiorari. The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the conviction of the lower court.[3] The Court held that Boynton “had a federal right to remain in the white portion of the restaurant” as the Interstate Commerce Act “forbids any interstate common carrier by motor vehicle to subject any person to unjust discrimination.”[3] Justice Hugo Black delivered the majority opinion.[4]
The decision
[change | change source]The court ruled in a 7-2 decision in favor of Boynton.[5] It held that interstate passengers were protected by the Interstate Commerce Act and the terminal's restaurant was a part of that facility.[5] In part the decision read:
"Without regard to contracts, if the bus carrier has volunteered to make terminal and restaurant facilities and services available to its interstate passengers as a regular part of their transportation, and the terminal and restaurant have acquiesced and cooperated in this undertaking, the terminal and restaurant must perform these services without discriminations prohibited by the Act. In the performance of these services under such conditions the terminal and restaurant stand in place of the bus company in the performance of its transportation obligations."[5]
Effects of "Boynton"
[change | change source]Justices Tom C. Clark and Charles Evans Whittaker dissented in the 7-2 decision. It was the first time since 1946 the court had split over matters of racial segregation.[6]
Boynton v. Virginia paved the way and inspired the Freedom Riders to test the new ruling.[3] Black and white riders rode together on Southern racially segregated buses beginning in 1961.[3] After six months of protests and press coverage of the Freedom Riders, The Interstate Commerce Commission outlawed racial discrimination in seating passengers on interstate busses.[7] It ordered the removal of "whites only" signs from all interstate bus terminals.[7]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Louis H. Pollak, "The Supreme Court and the States: Reflections on Boynton v. Virginia", (New Haven, CT: Yale Law School, 1961), p. 17 http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers/4233
- ↑ "Boynton v. Virginia (1960)". FindLaw. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Cristina Vignone. "History of the Civil Rights Movement: Boynton v. Virginia". Fordham University. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ "Boynton v. Virginia". IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Alison Shay. "Remembering Boynton v. Virginia". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 28 September 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ Colin Evans. "Boynton v. Virginia: 1960 - Court Splits, But For Boynton". Law Library - American Law and Legal Information. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Freedom To Travel". PBS/WHBH. Retrieved 26 March 2016.