Corruption in Russia

Corruption is seen as a big problem in Russia.[1] It affects many parts of life. This includes the economy,[2] business,[3] public administration,[4] law enforcement,[5][6] healthcare,[7][8] and education.[9] Corruption is a big part of the historical model of government. It is seen as the reason the rule of law is weak in Russia.[1] Transparency International said in 2022, "Corruption is endemic in Russia". Russia had the lowest score in Europe in the Corruption Perceptions Index for 2021.[10] It has been said to be a kleptocracy,[11] an oligarchy,[12] and a plutocracy.

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "New Reports Highlight Russia's Deep-Seated Culture of Corruption". Voice of America. 26 January 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
  2. ↑ Alferova, Ekaterina (26 October 2020). В России предложили создать должность омбудсмена по борьбе с коррупцией [Russia proposed to create the post of Ombudsman for the fight against corruption]. Izvestia Известия (in Russian). Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  3. ↑ "Russia Corruption Report". GAN Integrity. June 2020. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2020. Corruption significantly impedes businesses operating or planning to invest in Russia.
  4. ↑ Suhara, Manabu. "Corruption in Russia: A Historical Perspective" (PDF). Retrieved 4 December 2015. There seems to be general agreement among specialists that corruption is particularly rampant in post-communist Russia.
  5. ↑ Gerber, Theodore P.; Mendelson, Sarah E. (March 2008). "Public Experiences of Police Violence and Corruption in Contemporary Russia: A Case of Predatory Policing?". Law & Society Review. 42 (1). Wiley: 1–44. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2008.00333.x. JSTOR 29734103.
  6. ↑ "Cops for hire". The Economist. 18 March 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  7. ↑ Klara Sabirianova Peter; Zelenska, Tetyana (2010). "Corruption in Russian Health Care: The Determinants and Incidence of Bribery" (PDF). Georgia State University. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  8. ↑ "Corruption Pervades Russia's Health System". CBS News. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  9. ↑ Denisova-Schmidt, Elena; Leontyeva, Elvira; Prytula, Yaroslav (2014). "Corruption at Universities is a Common Disease for Russia and Ukraine". Harvard University. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  10. ↑ "Countering Russia's kleptocrats: What the West's response to the assault on Ukraine should look like". Transparency International. 4 March 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022. Corruption is endemic in Russia. With a score of just 29 out of 100, Russia is the lowest-ranking country in Europe and a 'country to watch' on Transparency International's 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.
  11. ↑ Fish, M. Steven (April 2018). "What Has Russia Become?". Comparative Politics. 50 (3). New York City: City University of New York: 327–346. doi:10.5129/001041518822704872. JSTOR 26532689.
  12. ↑ Guriev, Sergei; Rachinsky, Andrei (2005). "The Role of Oligarchs in Russian Capitalism". The Journal of Economic Perspectives. 19 (1). American Economic Association: 131–150. doi:10.1257/0895330053147994. JSTOR 4134996. S2CID 17653502.

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