Hyloidea

Hyloidea
Eleutherodactylus jasperi
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Suborder: Neobatrachia
Superfamily: Hyloidea
Stannius, 1856
Families

See text

Litoria microbelos
call of Litoria microbelos
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Hyloidea is a superfamily of frogs.[1] 54% of all living frog and toad species are in Hyloidea.[2] The superfamily Hyloidea started when the ancestor of all its frogs and toads evolved differently from the other animals in the suborder Neobatrachia. This happened at about the same time as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction 66 million years ago. Scientists have found some fossils from this time but not enough to tell how this event affected these animals. After this extinction event, more forests grew, so the frogs may have changed so they could climb and live in trees.[3]

Hyloidea has many subgroups:[1][4][5]

Shared Characteristics of Hyloidea

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Hyloidea is the largest superfamily of anurans due to scientists placing frogs into this family when the relationships to others are unknown.[2] Therefore, Hyloidea has the highest species diversity. Hyloidea are all tailless, have shortened bodies, large mouths and muscular hind legs. Most anurans in the superfamily have a lateral‐bender which is a type of pelvis morphology found in walking, hopping and burrowing frogs. Some species that appear later in the taxon have a sagittal‐hinge pelvis found in aquatic frogs as well as walking, hopping and burrowing frogs and some have a fore–aft slider pelvis found in terrestrial frogs.[6] Hyloidea anurans lack ribs, have complex mouthparts, and their pectoral girdle can be arciferal or firmisternal.[7] They reproduce via axillary amplexus, and their larvae usually have a single spiracle. The average snout-vent length (SVL) of Hyloidea species vary widely, from 10 mm in one species of Diasporus to 320 mm in female Calyptocephalella gayi.[8]

Phylogenic relationships

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Anuran animals, frogs and toads, look alike from the outside, so scientists cannot always tell them apart by looking at their morphological characteristics. They use DNA testing to tell which species are related to each other and how. ML analysis and Bayesian analysis are two important ways to do this. Scientists used them with a nuclear marker toolkit to look at the relationships inside the superfamily Hyloidea on a molecular level. As they tested 55 relationships of the Hyloidea and was found that 53 out of the 55 previously established nodes on the phylogenetic tree were supported by this DNA testing.[2][6]

Distribution

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Scientists say the first Hyloidea animals evolved on the Gondwanan supercontinent in what is now southern South America, then spread throughout the world.[9][10] Today, they live on every continent except Antarctica. In 2020, scientists found a fossilized animal that was roughly 40 million year old. The animal was from the hyloid family Calyptocephalellidae, and the fossil was found on Seymour Island in the Antarctic Peninsula.[11] The distribution of Hyloidea species is highly correlated with climate, with most species found in areas with higher annual mean temperatures.[12]

Conservation

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As of February 2021, the IUCN Red List named 361 of the species in Hyloidea as critically endangered (11.4%), 475 as endangered (15%), and 310 as vulnerable (9.8%). There are 3161 species in Hyloidea.[13] One of the most important reasons Hyloidea species are dying is because human beings build farms and other things in the places where they live. This is called habitat loss.[13]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 R.Alexander Pyron, John J.Wiens, 2011, A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-12-18. Retrieved 2013-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-06-28). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5864F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
  3. ↑ Meijer, Hanneke (2017-08-02). "Jump for joy: researchers make huge leap in understanding frog evolution". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-04-02.
  4. ↑ The Amphibian Species of the World 6.0 website of the American Museum of Natural History's
  5. ↑ Feng, Yan-Jie; Blackburn, David C.; Liang, Dan; Hillis, David M.; Wake, David B.; Cannatella, David C.; Zhang, Peng (2017-07-18). "Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (29): E5864–E5870. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E5864F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704632114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5530686. PMID 28673970.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jorgensen, M. E.; Reilly, S. M. (2013-05-01). "Phylogenetic patterns of skeletal morphometrics and pelvic traits in relation to locomotor mode in frogs". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 26 (5): 929–943. doi:10.1111/jeb.12128. ISSN 1420-9101. PMID 23510149.
  7. ↑ Duellman, W.E. "Anura". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  8. ↑ Vitt, Laurie; Caldwell, Janalee (2014). Herpetology: an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles (4 ed.). Academic Press. p. 481,499. ISBN 978-0-12-386919-7.
  9. ↑ Streicher, Jeffrey; Miller, Elizabeth; Guerrero, Pablo; Correa, Claudio; Ortiz, Juan; Crawford, Andrew; Pie, Marcio; Wiens, John (February 2018). "Evaluating methods for phylogenomic analyses, and a new phylogeny for a major frog clade (Hyloidea) based on 2214 loci". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 119: 128–143. Bibcode:2018MolPE.119..128S. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.013. PMID 29111477.
  10. ↑ Fouquet, Antoine; Blotto, Boris; Maronna, Maximiliano; Verdade, Vanessa; Junca, Flora; de Sá, Rafael; Rodrigues, Miguel (May 2013). "Unexpected phylogenetic positions of the genera Rupirana and Crossodactylodes reveal insights into the biogeography and reproductive evolution of leptodactylid frogs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (2): 445–457. Bibcode:2013MolPE..67..445F. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.009. PMID 23454092.
  11. ↑ Mörs, Thomas; Reguero, Marcelo; Vasilyan, Davit (23 April 2020). "First fossil frog from Antarctica: implications for Eocene high latitude climate conditions and Gondwanan cosmopolitanism of Australobatrachia". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 5051. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.5051M. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-61973-5. PMC 7181706. PMID 32327670.
  12. ↑ Duarte, L.D.S.; Both, C.; Debastiani, V.J.; Carlucci, M.B.; Gonçalves, L.O.; Seger, G.D.S.; Bastazini, G.; Brum, F.T.; Salengue, E.V.; Bernardo-Silva, J.S. (3 July 2013). "Climate effects on amphibian distributions depend on phylogenetic resolution and the biogeographical history of taxa". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 23 (2): 213–222. doi:10.1111/geb.12089.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". IUCN Red List. Retrieved 26 February 2021.