Роҳнамо:АФБ барои ҳиндӣ ва урду

The charts below show the way in which the Алифбои Фонетикии Байналхалқӣ (АФБ) represents ҳиндӣ and урду pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindustani phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu. See Devanagari and Urdu alphabet for help converting Hindi and Urdu spelling to pronunciation.

Consonants IPA Hindi Urdu Approximate English equivalent k क ک sky kʰ ख کھ ache (khh sound) ɡ ग گ again ɡʱ घ گھ aghast ŋ ङ ن bank (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)). tʃ च چ catch tʃʰ छ چھ choose dʒ ज ج jazz dʒʱ झ جھ hedgehog (strong jhh sound) ɲ ञ ن roughly like canyon (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)). ʈ [1] ट ٹ artist ʈʰ [1] ठ ٹھ Thai, tarp (deeper thh sound) ɖ [1] ड ڈ odd, depot ɖʱ [1] ढ ڈھ adhere ɳ ण ن bunny (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)). t̪ [1] त ت، ط kite t̪ʰ[1] थ تھ thump (dental thh sound) d̪ [1] द د the d̪ʱ[1] ध دھ within (as a dhh sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation) n न ن not p प پ pencil pʰ फ پھ pith (phh sound) b ब ب butter bʱ भ بھ abhor m म م much j य ی yak r र ر rapture (r may be trilled) l ल ل leaf ʋ [2] व و varies between w and v ʃ श ش shoe (light s with h sound) ʂ ष ش/س assure (strong s; no h sound) (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either [ʃ] (ش) or [s] (س)). s स ث، س، ص sue h ह ح head q क़ ق quail (k in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [k] (क) in Hindi) x ख़ خ Bach (kh in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [kʰ] (ख) in Hindi) ɣ ग़ غ similar to a French r (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [ɡ] (ग) in Hindi). z ज़ ذ، ز، ض، ظ zen, zero ʒ श़ ژ pleasure, seizure ɽ ड़ ڑ gourd ɽʱ ढ़ ڑھ as [ɽ] plus h; somewhat as the US: warhead or Greek rho f फ़ ف phantom, food (f sound)

Vowels IPA Hindi Urdu Approximate English equivalent ə [3] अ, प اَ، بَ strut, but aː आ, पा آ, بَا far, heart ɪ [4] इ, पि اِ، بِ dill, still iː [4] ई, पी اِی، بِی feed ʊ [4] उ, पु اُ، بُ book, took uː [4] ऊ, पू اُو، بُو moon rɪ ऋ, पृ ری، پر Syllabic ‹r›: repaired eː ए, पे اے، بے Yale ɛː ऐ, पै اَے، بَے rain,, feign oː ओ, पो او، بو roar ɔː औ, पौ اَو، بَو know, hoe  ̃ ँ ـں nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.) ŋ , ɲ , ɳ , n , m ,  ̃ ं ـں jungle ɦ ः ه ahead Suprasegmentals IPA ˈ stress (placed before stressed syllable) ː doubled consonant

Эзоҳ

1. To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t̪ t̪ʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d̪ d̪ʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t̪ d̪] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [t̪ʰ d̪ʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð ] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).
2. Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink and intermediate [ʋ ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].
3. /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.
4. /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i , u ] at the end of a word.