Go fetoga ga seemo sa loapi mo Botswana

Palm trees at Khwai, Botswana in summer.

Phêtogô ya seêmô sa loapi mo Botswana ke ka fa seêmo sa loapi se fetogang ka teng mo lefatsheng la Botswana le tsibogelo seêmô, tshireletso ga mmôgô le metlhale ye e kgethilweng ke lefatshe. Go solofetswe gore e tla dira gore komelelo e nne maatla le go feta le gore go nne le komelelo e ntsi thata ka gonne dipaka tsa dipula di khutshwafetse e bile malatsi a pula a fokotsegile. Ka ntlha ya go fetofetoga ga tlelaemete le maemo a bosa, ka dinako tse dingwe naga eno e ka nna ya nna le dipula tse di maatla tse di senyang..[1]

Tlelaemete ya Botswana

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Tlelaemete ya Botswana Mafelo a a kgaoganeng

Kgatiso-Kgolo: Tlholego ya Tikologo ya Botswana

Tlelaemete ya Botswana e omeletse go ya go e e omeletseng go sekae ka mariga a a bothitho le selemo se se mogote mme dipula ga di bonwe pele. Dipula di na thata go tloga ka Diphalane go fitlha ka Moranang.[2] Paka ya mariga e omeletse e bile e na le letsatsi, e bonolo motshegare mme e tsididi bosigo, bogolo jang kwa bogareng le kwa borwa jwa naga. Seno gantsi se diragala mo dikgweding tsa May go ya go August.[3] Paka ya selemo e gantsi e leng go tloga ka November go fitlha ka March, e mogote e bile e na le dipula tse di lekanetseng. Go na le lesedi le lentsi la letsatsi ka paka eno, bogolo jang mo mosong. Mo ngwageng, themperetšha e farologana go tswa go 41 °F go ya go 89 °F mme ga se gantsi e leng kwa tlase ga 34 °F kgotsa kwa godimo ga 97 °F. Mogote gantsi o bogale ka dikgakologo ka September le October, bogolo jang kwa karolong e e kwa bokone ya naga, le fa go ntse jalo, malatsi a a mogote a ka nna teng mo nageng yotlhe go tloga ka September go fitlha ka April.[3][4][3][5][4]

Kgaolo ya borwabophirima ke yone e e omeletseng go gaisa, ke yone e go fitlhelwang sekaka sa Kalahari kwa pula e welang ka fa tlase ga dimilimetara di le 300 ka ngwaga. Mafelo a a nang le pula e ntsi, a a nang le pula e e fetang 500 mm (20 in) ka ngwaga, a kwa bokone le borwabotlhaba, koo Gaborone e leng teng. Naga eno ga e na lotshitshi mme e na le tlelaemete ya sekaka e e mogote e e nang le pharologano e kgolo fa gare ga dithemperetšha tsa motshegare le tsa bosigo le tlelaemete ya bongola ka kakaretso.

Tlelaemete e e omeletseng

Botswana e tsewa e le mo kotsing ya go fetoga ga tlelaemete le go fetofetoga ga yone ka ntlha ya pula ya yone e e kwa tlase mmogo le selekanyo se se kwa godimo sa lehuma se se amang thata mafelo a selegae.[6][7] Botswana e na le pula e nnye mme dipula di a fetoga tse di amang temothuo ka tsela e e sa siamang. Ka ntlha ya seemo sa pula kwa Botswana, se se sa ikanyegeng thata, go nnile le go fokotsega ga diheketara tse di lemilweng. Dipula tse di maatla di gogola mmu o o kwa godimo le dipeo ka paka ya go lema mme seno se felela ka thobo e e kwa tlase thata.[5][1]

Go nna mo kotsing ga Botswana mo phetogong ya tlelaemete go ama thata go ikaega ga yone mo dikarolong tse di amegang bonolo ke phetogo ya tlelaemete; bojanala, temothuo, metsi le boitekanelo. Lehuma le lone ke selo se sengwe se se bakwang ke go ikaega ka dikarolo tseno.[8]

Ditselana tse di botlhokwa

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Selekanyo sa mogote

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
Figure 2
Ditsela tsa dithemperetšha tsa Botswana magareng ga 1901 le 2020

Palogare ya selekanyo sa mogote e oketsegile ka 1.5 °C fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo1900.[9] Setshwantsho se se mo mojeng se bontsha selekanyosa mogote sa Botswana magareng ga ngwaga wa 1901 le ngwaga wa 2020. Diphetogo tse dikgolo di diragala ka Ngwanatsele le Mopitlwe.[10] Botswana e itemogela dithemperetšha tse di mogote thata ka nako ya selemo tse di simololang ka Ngwanatsele go fitlha ka Mopitlwe tse di ka fitlhang go 38 °C mo dikarolong dingwe tsa naga fa mariga a simololang ka Mopitlwe go fitlha ka Phatwe a le tsididi thata bosigo mme a le bonolo motshegare, ka dinako tse dingwe a na le serame se se bogale se se ka gatsetsang metsi a mannye.[2] Ka dikgakologo go tloga ka Lwetse go fitlha ka Diphalane, go nna mogote thata mo nageng e ka fitlha go 44 °C mo dikarolong tse dintsi tsa naga.[11]

Tlhatlogo ya Maru

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Botswana e nnile le dipula tse di kwa tlase ga tse di tlwaelegileng e bile e nnile le komelelo e e tlwaelegileng.[12] Malatsi a pula e nang ka one kwa Botswana a farologana go ralala ngwaga. Letsatsi le le nang le pula le lekanngwa go ya ka dimetara di le 0,04 tsa pula e e nang. Nako ya pula e simolola ka Diphalane go fitlha ka Moranang ka kgonagalo ya 21% ya gore letsatsi e nne la pula fa paka ya mariga e simolola ka Moranang go fitlha ka Diphalane, kgwedi ya Phukwi e le kgwedi e e nang le malatsi a pula a mannye thata ka palogare ya malatsi a le 0.2 ka palogare ya dipula tse di ka nnang 0.04 ya disentimetara. December e begwa e le kgwedi e pula e nang thata ka yone.[4]

Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Phetogo ya tlelaemete e setse e na le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo lefatsheng, lefatshe le a thuthafala, dipula di nna di ntse di fetoga, le metsi a lewatle a ntse a tlhatloga mme diphetogo tseno di oketsa bodiphatsa jwa mogote, merwalela, komelelo le melelo[13].[ 14] Go fetoga ga tlelaemete le go dirisana ga yone le dilo tse dingwe tse di bakang kgatelelo ya maikutlo go ile ga ama mefutafuta ya ditshedi mme mefuta e e nang le palo e nnye, e e seyong thata e bile e na le mafelo a a kgethegileng a e tshelang mo go one ke yone e e tlhaselwang thata[14].

Setlhatshana sa Sonobolomo go le paka ya mariga ko Kanngwe, Botswana

Go fetoga ga tlelaemete, go go tlisiwang ke dithemperetšha tse di kwa godimo, go tlhaela ga lefatshe le metsi, merwalela, leuba le go fudusiwa ga batho, go amile thata temothuo mme ga dira gore batho ba se ka ba nna le dijo tse di lekaneng. Tseno di amile thata batho ba ba bokoa go ba baya mo kotsing ya tlala le go tlhoka dijo[15].

Ka jaana, selekanyo sa batswana ba le masome a mararo mo lekgolong ba mo kotsing ya go tshwaediwa ke malaria ngwaga le ngwaga mme bontsi jwa dikgetsi di diragala kwa dikgaolong tse di kwa bokone ka Bobonong, Tutume, Serowe, Phalapye le Boteti di le mo kgaolong ya malaria[16]. Mo dingwageng tsa dipula tse di nang thata kotsi ya malaria e fetela kwa bophirima le kwa borwa. Go nna teng ga bolwetse jwa letshololo go tla ka mokgwa wa go dikologa o o nang le diphefo ka Mopitlwe (ANOVA p < 0.001) le Diphalane (ANOVA p < 0.001) ka go latelana mo setlheng se se metsi le se se omileng. 18] Go na le kamano e e maatla e e siameng (p < 0.001) mo palong ya dikgetse tsa letshololo tse di begilweng mo tekanyong ya go diega ga kgwedi e le nngwe. Diphetogo tsa tlelaemete (dipula, themperetšha e e kwa tlase le kgatelelo ya mouwane) di ne tsa bolelela pele gore go tla nna le letshololo la paka ya selemo le le tla tlang morago ga kgwedi e le nngwe (p < 0.001). Go nna teng ga bolwetse jwa letshololo go ne go le kwa godimo mo setlheng se se omeletseng morago ga go tsaya dintlha tse dingwe tsia, go bontsha ka kakaretso koketsego ya 20% go feta palogare ya ngwaga (p < 0.001)

Go na le mabaka a le mantsi a go farologana ga ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete tse di itemogelwang ke banna le basadi. Pharologano eno e simolola ka dipharologano tsa sepolotiki, tsa ikonomi le tsa loago[17][18]. Le fa go ntse jalo, balemirui ba ba tswelelang ba ba lengwang ke basadi ba ba neng ba lema go tokafatsa pabalesego ya dijo tsa malapa a bona le fa go na le seabe se se oketsegileng le ntshokuno ya temothuo bontsi jwa basadi ga ba na taolo ya lefatshe mme ga ba na phitlhelelo ya katoloso ya temothuo le kadimo[17]. Ditsebe tse dintsi tsa leroborobo la HIV di thusitse go fitlhelela ditirelo tsa metswedi ya ntshokuno le bokgoni ka tsela e e lekanyeditsweng. Dilo tseno tsotlhe di dira gore basadi ba nne mo kotsing ya go amiwa ke diphetogo tsa tlelaemete[19]. Mo ditoropong ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete di ama basadi le banna ka go farologana[20]. Basadi le basetsana ba itemogela ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete, e e oketsang go se lekalekane ga bong jo bo leng teng le go baya matshosetsi a a kgethegileng mo matshelong a bona, boitekanelo le pabalesego[21][22].

Madi a Seemo sa Loapi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]

Botswana e ikaeletse go fokotsa digase tse di ntshiwang ka kakaretso ka 15% go tswa mo ngwageng wa motheo wa 2010 ka 2038 ka ditshenyegelo tse di solofetsweng tsa didolara di le dimilione di le 18,4 tsa Amerika. Mokgele ono wa go fokotsa go ntshiwa ga digase o ne wa lekanyediwa go ya ka seelo sa ntlha sa digase tsa GHG tsa digase tse tharo tsa CO2, CH4 le N2O. Go akaretsa mafapha a maatla, matlakala le temothuo[23]. Dipalopalo tse ga di akaretse kgatsho ya CH4 go tswa mo temothuong ya leruo, bogolo go tswa mo fermenting ya mala, le fa go ntse jalo, naga e ikaelela go tsenya tirisong dikgato tsa go fokotsa seemo mo lephateng le[24].

Metswedi

[fetola | Fetola Motswedi]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Understanding vulnerability and adaptation in semi-arid areas in Botswana, May (2015), http://www.assaradapt.org/, retrieved 30/04/2023
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Climate". Botswana Tourism. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation". www.climatestotravel.com. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Botswana Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Botswana) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Climate Risk Profile: Southern Africa". www.climatelinks.org. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  6. ↑ "Climate Risk Country Profile-Botswana". Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Worldbank. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  7. ↑ "Botswana: Climate risk country profile - Botswana | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  8. ↑ "Climate Risk Country Profile-Botswana" (PDF). Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Worldbank. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  9. ↑ "Climate Risk Country Profile-Botswana". Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Worldbank. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  10. ↑ "United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR)". United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR). 3 March 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  11. ↑ "Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation". www.climatestotravel.com. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  12. ↑ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  13. ↑ "Effects of climate change". Met Office. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  14. ↑ Urich, Peter; Li, Yinpeng; Masike, Sennye (2021), Oguge, Nicholas; Ayal, Desalegn; Adeleke, Lydia; da Silva, Izael (eds.), "Climate Change, Biodiversity, and Tipping Points in Botswana", African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1193–1226, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_161, ISBN 978-3-030-45106-6, S2CID 238974667, retrieved 2023-04-08
  15. ↑ CLIMATE AND HEALTH COUNTRY PROFILE – 2015 BOTSWANA, (2015), World Health Organisation, retrieved 30/04/2023
  16. ↑ unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/BOTSWANA%20THIRD%20NATIONAL%20COMUNICATION
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 https://climatepromise.undp.org/news-and-stories/what-does-gender-equality-have-do-climate-change UNDP Climate Promise. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  18. ↑ "Gender and Climate Change: Botswana Case Study | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  19. ↑ "| Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  20. ↑ "Gender and climate change". IUCN. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  21. ↑ www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected#:~:text=The%20climate%20crisis%20is%20not,less%20access%20to%2C%20natural%20resources.
  22. ↑ "Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected". UN Women – Headquarters. 28 February 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  23. ↑ "FAO.org". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  24. ↑ Botswana Country Diagnostic , May (2017), Southern African Climate Finance Partnership, https://drmims.sadc.int/ Retrieved 30/04/2023