Metsi le leswe la go tlosa leswe kwa Ghana

 

the drinking water supply and sanitation sector in Ghana faces a number of challenges, including very limited access to sanitation, intermittent supply, high water losses, low water pressure, and pollution. Since 1994, the sector has been gradually reformed through the creation of an autonomous regulatory agency, the introduction of private sector participation, the decentralisation of rural supply to 138 districts and increased community participation in the management of rural water systems.

An international company has managed all urban water systems since 2006 under a 5-year management contract which expired after achieving only some of its objectives. The reforms also aim at increasing cost recovery and a modernization of the urban utility Ghana Water Company Limited (GWCL).^[1] Another problem which partly arose from the recent reforms is the existence of a multitude of institutions with overlapping responsibilities. The National Water Policy (NWP), launched at the beginning of 2008, seeks to introduce a comprehensive sector policy.^[2]

Tshedimosetso

Metsi le mafaratlhatlha a leswe ga a a lekana, bogolo jang kwa metseselegaeng. Go na le dipharologano tse di seng kana ka sepe fa gare ga tshedimosetso ya go tsena go tswa mo metsweding e e farologaneng, bontlhanngwe ka ntlha ya ditlhaloso tse di farologaneng tse di dirisiwang ke ditheo tse di farologaneng tsa go tsena. Go ya ka Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation ya UNICEF le WHO, go fitlhelela metsi le leswe ke tse di latelang:

		Urban(51% ya baagi)	Ba-Rural -49% ya baagi)	Palogotlhe
Metsi	Tlhaloso ya 'Bongwe ya motheo'	88%	66%	78%
	Dikamano tsa ntlo	33%	3%	Diperesente di le 18
Go tlosa leswe mo mmeleng	Tlhaloso ya 'Bongwe ya motheo'	19%	9%	14%
	Go tsamaisa leswe	A ke ka ntlha yang fa go le botlhokwa go nna le kitso	A ke ka ntlha yang fa go le botlhokwa go nna le kitso	A ke ka ntlha yang fa go le botlhokwa go nna le kitso

Go ya ka pego ya United Nations 2015 MDG, mokgele wa go fokotsa palo ya batho ba ba sa kgoneng go bona metsi a a phepa a a nowang o fitlheletswe kwa Ghana.^[3] Karolo ya ditsamaiso tsa kabo tse di sa direng kwa Ghana e fopholediwa go nna mo e ka nnang nngwetharong, mme tse dingwe tse dintsi di dira ka fa tlase ga bokgoni jo bo rulagantsweng. Mo godimo ga moo, kabo ya metsi a mo gae e gaisana le tlhokego e e golang ya metsi ke madirelo a a golang le a temothuo.^[4]

Mo e ka nnang 88% ya baagi ba ditoropokgolo kwa Ghana ba kgona go bona bobotlana metsi a a nowang.^[5] Go na le pharologano fa gare ga metsi a a phepa a a nowang a kwa ditoropong le a kwa metseselegaeng. Go ya ka Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey of 2011, baagi ba ditoropokgolo ba na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya go bona metsi a a phepa a a nowang go feta baagi ba metseselegae ka 91% le 69%, ka go latelana.^[5] Ka ntlha ya seo, go ikaega ka metswedi ya metsi e e sa babalesegeng go kwa godimo mo mafelong a selegae.^[6] Di-turbidite tsa bontsi jwa metsi a a kwa godimo mo mafelong a selegae di feta 200 NTUs (nephelometric turbidity units) mme di na le kgotlelo e e kwa godimo ya megare le mantle, e e dirang gore bana le baagi botlhe ba nne mo kotsing e kgolo ya malwetse a a amanang le metsi.

Fa di bapisiwa le Ghana yotlhe, dikgaolo tse tharo tse di kwa bokone jwa Ghana ga di na metsi a a phepa a a nowang, mme ngwana a le mongwe mo go ba le lesome o a swa pele ga ba tshwara dingwaga di le botlhano ka ntlha ya malwetse mangwe a a amanang le metsi.^[7] Mo kgaolong e kgolo ya Bokone ya Ghana fela, 32% ya baagi ba le dimilione di le 2.5 ga ba kgone go bona metswedi e e tokafaditsweng ya metsi mme gantsi ba tshwanelwa ke go dirisa metsi a a nowang a a kgotletsweng.^[5] Malebana le go tlosa leswe, ke diperesente di le 14 fela tsa baagi botlhe ba Ghana ba ba dirisang lefelo le le tokafaditsweng la go tlosa lesfe go tloga ka 2010.^[8]

Improved Drinking Water Source	Unimproved Drinking Water Source
Household connection	Rivers or ponds
Borehole	Bucket
Protected dug well	Unprotected well
Protected spring	Unprotected spring
Public Standpipe	Vendor-provided water
	Tanker truck water
	Bottled (and sachet) water

Tafole eno e bontsha go kgaoganngwa ga metswedi ya metsi e e tokafaditsweng le e e sa tokafadiwang kwa Ghana go tloga kwa bokhutlong jwa Millennium Development Goals, go ya ka WHO le UNICEF.^[9] Go ya kwa bokhutlong jwa 2015, metswedi e e tokafaditsweng ya metsi e ne e akaretsa diphaepe tsa metsi a ntlo, mesima, didiba tse di epilweng le metswedi e di sireleditsweng, le diphaepe tse di dirisiwang ke batho botlhe.^[10]

Boleng jwa tirelo

Go tswelela pele ga kabo

Go ya ka phopholetso nngwe, kwatara ya baagi ba Accra ba amogela metsi a a sa kgaotseng. Mo e ka nnang 30% e fiwa metsi diura di le 12 letsatsi le letsatsi, malatsi a le matlhano ka beke. 35% e nngwe e tlamelwa malatsi a le mabedi beke le beke. 10% e e setseng e e nnang kwa ntle ga motsemogolo ga e kgone go bona metsi a diphaepe. Go ya ka motswedi o mongwe, seemo se maswe le go feta: Ka Tlhakole 2008 ditšhaba dingwe mo motseng wa Accra-Tema di ne di tlamelwa gangwe ka beke, gangwe ka dibeke di le pedi kgotsa gangwe ka kgwedi.^[11]

• Metsi a diphaepe kgotsa di-borehole ke phatlha e e boteng e e gogilweng, e epilweng kgotsa e epiwang go fitlha mo metsing a a kafa tlase ga lefatshe. Metsi a romelwa ka tšhupu ka pompo e e tsamaisiwang ke motho, mme sediba se sireleditswe ke serala go thibela go elela kgotsa go tsena ga dinonyane mo metsing.
• Sediba se se epilweng se se sireleditsweng sentle mo metsing a a elelang ka go bo go na le sediba se se kwa godimo ga lefatshe.
• Go kgobokanya metsi a pula pula go go kgobokantsweng kgotsa go rojwa go tswa kwa godimo mme go bolokiwe mo teng ga kgamelo go dirisiwa.
• Teraka ya tanka ya metsi e isiwa kwa motseng mme e rekisiwa go tswa mo loring.
• Go epiwa didiba kgotsa metswedi e e sa sirelediwang go tswa mo metsing a a elelang kgotsa mo mantleng a dinonyane.
• Koloi e e nang le tanka/drum e nnye ya metsi e rekisiwa ke motlamedi yo o tsamaisang metsi go ya kwa motseng. Dipalangwa di dirwa ka dikolotsana tsa tonki kgotsa motoking.
• Metswedi ya metsi a a kwa godimo dinoka, matamo, matsha, makadiba, jalo le jalo. Tsotlhe di ka nna tsa kgotlelwa, e leng se se tla nnang kotsi mo bathong ba ba nwa go tswa foo. Tseno ke metswedi e e kotsi thata ya metsi mo bathong ba Ghana, ka gonne di ka nna tsa bo di na le dibakateria tse dintsi le dilo tse di botlhole mo e leng gore batho ba tla tsenwa ke malwetse le malwetse, a mangwe a one a ka bolayang ly.^[12]

Water contamination

Boleng jwa metsi a a nowang

Go anamisiwa ga bolwetse jwa mantle le molomo.

Go tlhaela ga metsi a a phepa a a nowang le ditsamaiso tsa go tlosa leswe ke bothata jo bo masisi jwa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba kwa Ghana, go go nang le seabe mo diperesenteng di le 70 tsa malwetse kwa Ghana. Go dirisiwa thata ga di-sacket tsa metsi a a nowang tsa polasetiki ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi a a phepa go go leng teng le gone go dirile gore go nne le kgotlelo e e oketsegileng ya polasetiki, gantsi go kgotlela metsi, go kgama metsi a pula le go bolaya diruiwa. Intaseteri ya meepo ya gauta ya naga e kgotletse 60% ya metsi a Ghana.^[13]

1. WaterAid. "National Water Sector Assessment, Ghana". Retrieved 26 March 2008.
2. Ghanaian Water Resources Commission. "National Water Policy". Retrieved 26 March 2008.
3. "2015 Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report". UNDP in Ghana. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
4. "Ghana". Safe Water Network. Safe Water Network. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
5. "Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-11. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
6. "Ghana – Water Crisis | Water.org". Water.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
7. "Ghana – Where We Work – WaterAid America". www.wateraid.org. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
8. "UNICEF. 2012. Pneumonia and Diarrhoea – Tackling the deadliest diseases for the world's poorest children" (PDF).
9. "WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (2008). A Snapshot of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Africa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-10-01. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
10. "United Nations. 2015. Ghana Millennium Development Goals Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-17. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
11. AVRL: The Dodowa intervention
12. "Ghana". WSUP. WSUP. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
13. "The illegal gold mines killing rivers and livelihoods in Ghana," 11 August 2021, BBC News, retrieved 11 August 2021