Visankho mu Zambia

Pa maungano gha chigaŵa gha mu Zambia, ŵanthu ŵakuŵa na vipani vinandi. Pa nyengo yimoza pera, pulezidenti na wupu wakulongozga ŵakusankhika kuti ŵateŵetere vyaka vinkhondi.^[1]

Mbiri ya visankho

Pambere kujilamulia

Mu 1918, ŵanthu ŵankhondi ŵa mu Wupu Wakulongozga ŵakasankhika. Pa nyengo iyi, ŵanthu ŵa ku Britain awo ŵakaŵa na vyaka vyakujumpha 21 pera ndiwo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kusankha.^[2] Mu 1920 na 1922, pakaŵaso maungano gha chigaŵa. Mu 1924, ŵakapanga wupu wa malango uwo ukaŵa na ŵanthu ŵankhondi.

Pambere maungano gha mu 1929 ghandambe, ŵanthu 7 ndiwo ŵakasankhika. Mu 1932, 1935, na 1938, pakaŵaso mavoti ghanyake. Mu 1941, ŵanthu 8 ŵakasankhika, ndipo Northern Rhodesian Labour Party yikapokera vithuzithuzi 5. Ndipouli, ŵakati ŵathereskeka pa vyaru vinyake mu 1944, chipani ichi chikamara. Pambere maungano gha 1948 ghandambe, ŵimiliri ŵa wupu uwu ŵakasazgikira kufika pa 10, ndipo ŵaŵiri ŵa ku Africa ŵakimikika.

Mu 1953, boma la Rhodesia na Nyasaland likapangika. Mu chaka chenechichi, kukaŵaso maungano ghakwamba. Northern Rhodesia yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi vinkhondi na viŵiri, ndipo ŵanthu ŵatatu ŵakimiranga ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa. Ŵanthu ŵatatu pera mu Africa ndiwo ŵakaŵa na wanangwa wa kuvota. Chipani cha Federal Party chikapokera vithuzithuzi 7 pa vithuzi 8.

Mu 1954, apo pakaŵa kusintha kwa malango, chiŵelengero cha malo ghakusankhika mu Northern Rhodesian Legislative Council chikakwera kufika pa 12. Mu 1954, chipani cha Federal Party chikathereska pa vigaŵa 10. Pa mavoti gha mu 1958, chipani cha United Federal Party (UFP) chikathereska ŵanthu ŵanandi.

Dango la "Lennox-Boyd" likapangiska kuti wupu wa wupu wakulongozga uŵe na ŵanthu 22. Chikaŵa na mipando 12 ya "ŵanthu wose" ndipo ŵanandi ŵakaŵa ŵa ku Europe, mipando 6 ya "ŵanthu ŵapadera" iyo yikaŵa ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, mipando yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Africa, na mipando yiŵiri ya ŵanthu ŵa ku Europe. Gulu la UFP likalutilira kuŵa na mipando yinandi, ndipo likapokera mipando 13. Pa nyengo ya maungano gha mu 1962, pakaŵaso ndondomeko yinyake iyo yikapangiska kuti paŵe maungano gha vyaru viŵiri. Nangauli UFP yikapokera vithuzithuzi vinandi, kweni United National Independence Party (UNIP) na Northern Rhodesian African National Congress (NRANC) ŵakamanya kupanga boma.

Pa maungano ghakulondezgapo mu 1964, maungano agha ghakacitikanga mwakuyana na ndondomeko yiphya. Chilato chake chikaŵa cha UNIP, icho chikapokera vithuzithuzi 55 pa vithuzithuzi 75, ndipo Kenneth Kaunda wakazgoka nduna yikuru, ndipo pamasinda wakazgoka purezidenti apo Zambia yikaŵa yakujiyimira pawekha pa Okutobala 24, 1964.

Pamasinda pa ufulu

Pa ma general elections mu 1968 pakaŵa mavoti ghakwamba gha purezidenti, apo Kaunda wakathereska mulongozgi wa Zambia African National Congress (NRANC) Harry Nkumbula na mavoti 82%. Vipinda 10 ivyo vikaŵa vyakukhalira mu Nyumba ya Malango vikafumiskikapo ndipo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakasankhika chikafika pa 105. UNIP yikapokera vithuzi 81.

Mu 1973, caru cikazgoka boma la chipani cimoza; pa viwoneskero vya boma mu caka cenecici, Kaunda wakathereskeka na ŵanthu yayi, ndipo ŵanthu 89% ŵakazomera. Sono Nyumba ya Malango yikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 125, ŵanthu 10 awo ŵakimikika na pulezidenti, kweniso mulara wa Nyumba ya Malango. Nangauli UNIP ndiyo yikaŵa chipani pera, kweni ŵanthu ŵatatu pera ndiwo ŵakakhalanga pa mpando uliwose. Ndondomeko yeneyiyi ndiyo ŵakagwiliskiranga nchito pa maungano gha 1978, 1983 na 1988, ndipo Kaunda wakasankhikaso nyengo yiliyose.

Mu 1991, boma likambaso kulamulira na vipani vinandi. Kaunda wakathereskeka na Frederick Chiluba wa Movement for Multi-Party Democracy (MMD) pa mavoti gha purezidenti, ndipo Chiluba wakapokera mavoti 76%. MMD yikapokera vithuzithuzi 125 pa vithuzithuzi 150 ivyo vikasankhika mu wupu wa National Assembly, apo chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakimikika na pulezidenti chikakhira kufika pa 8. Chiluba wakasankhikaso pa mavoti gha mu 1996, apo MMD yikasanga vithuzi 131 ndipo UNIP yikataya vithuzi vyose 25 ivyo yikasanga mu 1991.

Mu 2001, munthu wa MMD Levy Mwanawasa wakathereska pa mavoti gha purezidenti na 29% pera mu malo gha ŵanthu 11. Chipani cha MMD chikaŵa na vithuzithuzi 69 mu Nyumba ya Malango, ndipo vipani vyakususka vikaŵa na vithuzithuzi vinandi. Mwanawasa wakasankhikaso mu 2006 na 43% ya mavoti, nangauli MMD yikatondeka kuwina malo ghanandi mu National Assembly. Mwanawasa wakati wafwa mu 2008, ŵakachita mavoti gha purezidenti kuti munthu uyo wakakhalapo pa nyengo ya mavoti gha vyaka vinkhondi ndiyo waŵepo. Chisankho chinapambana ndi Rupiah Banda wa MMD.

Pa chisankho cha 2011, chipani cha Patriotic Front (PF) Michael Sata wakasankhika kuŵa purezidenti na mavoti 42%, apo chipani cha PF chikaŵa chipani chikuru chomene mu National Assembly, ndipo chikapokera vithuzithuzi 60. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Sata mu 2014, chisankho china cha pulezidenti chinachitika mu 2015 ndipo chinapambana ndi Edgar Lungu wa PF, yemwe analandira 48% ya mavoti.

Ndondomeko yakusankha

Mu Zambia, munthu wakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 18 kuti waŵe na wanangwa wa kuvota. Awo ŵakukhumba kuvota ŵakwenera kuŵa na makadi gha boma na makadi gha awo ŵakukhumba kuvota.

Mlongozgi wa charu

Pakati pa 1991 na 2016, pulezidenti wakasankhika mu chigaŵa chimoza pera. Ndipouli, pambere mavoti gha mu 2016 ghandambe, boma likaŵa na vigaŵa viŵiri.

Kufika mu 2016, para pulezidenti wafwa, ŵakachitanga mavoti ghachokoghachoko kuti ŵasankhe pulezidenti uyo wazamukhala mu malo agha vyaka vinkhondi. Ndipouli, mu 2015, boma likasintha malango gha boma kuti paŵe wachiŵiri kwa pulezidenti uyo wazamukhala mu malo agha vyaka vinkhondi.

Nyumba ya Malango

Pa mamembala 164 gha National Assembly, 156 ŵakusankhika na ndondomeko ya first-past-the-post mu vigaŵa vya mamembala ghamoza, ndipo ŵanyakeso 8 ŵakusoleka na purezidenti na Speaker na Deputy speaker yumoza wakusankhika kufuma kuwaro kwa National Assembly. Awo ŵakukhumba kunjira mu wupu wakulongozga ŵakwenera kuŵa na vyaka 21.^[3]

Ma Referendum

Kufuma apo charu cha Zambia chikapokera wanangwa mu 1964, pakaŵa ma referendamu ghaŵiri. Mu 1969, ŵanthu 85 pa 100 ŵaliwose ŵakazomerezga kuti paŵe maungano gha ŵanthu wose. Mu 2016, ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakakolerana na fundo iyi, kweni ŵakaŵapo ŵachoko chomene.

Wonaniso

• By-elections in Zambia

Ukaboni

1. Bach, S (1999). "Political policy: president and parliament in Zambia". Journal of Management History. 5: 183–198.
2. Michael Gelfand (1961) Northern Rhodesia in the days of the charter: medical and social study, 1878-1924, Basil Blackwell, p138
3. Electoral system IPU

External links

• Electoral Commission of Zambia
• Zambia Adam Carr's Election Archive
• Elections in Zambia African Elections Database