流動智能同固定智能(fluid and crystallized intelligence)-兩個因素:流動智能同固定智能係源自 1940 年代嘅一個諗法;根據呢個諗法,智能同智商由兩大因素組成[7][8]-
固定智能()係指建基於知識而展現出嚟嘅有智能行為,例如兩個人 A 君同 B 君,兩個推理能力都一樣咁勁,但 A 君已有嘅數學知識多啲,所以如果兩個人齊齊做「由手上嘅數學知識推理出新知識」嘅話,A 君表現好啲-A 君嘅 高啲;
相比之下,流動智能()係指唔使咩知識都可以展現得到出嚟嘅智能,例如兩個人 A 君同 B 君,兩個人嘅知識都一樣,然後兩個一齊學一樣技能(例如係鬭木或者畫畫呀噉),發覺 A 君學得快啲-「唔靠先前知識」展示出嘅智能就係所謂嘅 。有好多人都認為, 係智商測試應該要集中量度嘅嘢,所以啲智商測試好多時都盡可能會設計到(例如)唔使用語言-一種前置知識-都可以作答,例子可以睇里墳氏標準推理測驗嘅設計噉(下面)。
智商研究當中一個相當有爭議性嘅問題係「智商係咪天生?」。有唔少人主張智能係可以後天提升嘅。不過事實係研究顯示,一個大人嘅 IQ 有幾高喺好大程度上係由遺傳因素話事嘅-成年智商嘅遺傳度超過 60%,呢個結果表示,嘗試提高細路嘅智商的確有可能成功,但提高智商嘅措施好多時到咗成年嗰陣就會失效-一個本來智商平均、但因為呢啲提高智商嘅措施而提高咗智商嘅細路,大過咗之後多數會變返一般智商嘅大人。所以一般認為,智商同絕大多數心理特徵一樣,未見得係完全天生嘅,但好受遺傳因素影響[16]。
↑Cattell, R. B. (1963). "Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment". Journal of Educational Psychology. 54: 1-22.
↑Lubinski, David (2004). "Introduction to the Special Section on Cognitive Abilities: 100 Years After Spearman's (1904) "'General Intelligence,' Objectively Determined and Measured"". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 86 (1): 96-111.
↑J. B. Carroll (1993), Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA.
↑J. B. Carroll (1997), "The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities" in D. P. Flanagan, J. L. Genshaft et al., Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues, Guilford Press, New York, NY, USA, pp. 122-130.
↑Wasserman, John D. (2019-07-03). "Deconstructing CHC". Applied Measurement in Education. 32 (3): 249-268.
↑Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences (1983).
↑Davis, Katie; Christodoulou, Joanna; Seider, Scott; Gardner, Howard (2011), "The Theory of Multiple Intelligences", in Sternberg, Robert J.; Kaufman, Barry (eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence, Cambridge University Press, pp. 485-503.
↑Paulhus, D. L., Lysy, D. C., & Yik, M. S. (1998). Self-report measures of intelligence: Are they useful as proxy IQ tests?. Journal of personality, 66(4), 525-554.
↑Panizzon, Matthew S., et al. "Genetic and environmental influences on general cognitive ability: Is g a valid latent construct?." Intelligence 43 (2014): 65-76.
↑Byrne, Richard W. (1995) The Thinking Ape: Evolutionary origins of intelligence Oxford University Press, Oxford, England.
↑Dunbar, R. I. M. (1998). "The social brain hypothesis". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 6 (5): 178-90.
↑David-Barrett, T.; Dunbar, R.I.M. (2013). "Processing Power Limits Social Group Size: Computational Evidence for the Cognitive Costs of Sociality". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1765): 20131151.