存在与虚无 – 1943 book by philosopher 让-保罗·萨特.[5] Sartre's main purpose is to assert the individual's existence as prior to the individual's essence. His overriding concern in writing the book was to demonstrate that 自由意志 exists.[6]
第一哲學沉思集[7] (subtitled In which the existence of God and the immortality of the soul are demonstrated) – philosophical treatise by 勒内·笛卡尔 first published in 1641 (in Latin). The book is made up of six meditations, in which Descartes first discards all belief in things which are not absolutely 確定性, and then tries to establish what can be known for sure.
Metaphysics – one of the principal works of Aristotle. The principal subject is "being qua being", or being understood as being. It examines what can be asserted about anything that exists just because of its existence and not because of any special qualities it has.
The Realms of Being(英语:The Realms of Being) – last major work by Spanish-American 哲學家乔治·桑塔亚那. In this work of ontology, he defines four realms of being; The Realm of Essence, The Realm of Matter, The Realm of Truth, and The Realm of Spirit.
時間的不實在性 – best-known philosophical work of the Cambridge idealist J. M. E. McTaggart. McTaggart argues that time is unreal because our descriptions of time are either contradictory, circular, or insufficient.
^metaphysics. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language 5th. 2011 [November 24, 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-10).
^Cohen, S. Marc. Aristotle's Metaphysics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The Metaphysics Research Lab Center for the Study of Language and Information Stanford University Stanford, CA. [14 November 2018]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-12).