托尔金和种族

J·R·R·托尔金中洲系列奇幻作品包含了众多幻想物种，其中有些概念历来受人指责，称其暗含过时的种族观念。^[1][2][3]然而，也有学者认为他自幼受到维多利亚年代种族观念、怪物文学的影响，对作品中怪物的设计正源于此，而不论和平或者战时，托尔金在生活中都是反对种族主义（英语：anti-racism）的。^[4][5]

结合19世纪末优生学与惧怕“道德沉沦”的背景，^[6]批评人士相信《魔戒》所述的种族杂交是科学种族主义。^[7][8]另有观点认为，书中奥克的形态源于战时针对日本种族的丑化宣传。^[9]有人认为全书的地理结构是“道德式地理”刻意安排的结果，隐喻善恶的对立：良善种族安排在西方，邪恶势力位于东方。^[10]

与这些猜测相反，托尔金实际上强烈反对纳粹种族理论，这可由1938年他写给出版商的一封信证实，^{[11][T 1]}二战期间他也强烈反对反德宣传。^[11]有人认为，他笔下中洲的文学设计，体现绝对的文化上融合的特征，^[3]而针对托尔金的攻击未必符合原文。^[12][13][14]

• 
  战时针对日本人的丑化宣传，常与彼得·杰克逊电影中奥克的形象对比。图为美国宣传（英语：American propaganda during World War II）海报。^[9]
• 
  《魔戒：力量之戒》片中，毛脚（霍比特人）使用爱尔兰方言，这与讽喻漫画家约翰·里奇笔下爱尔兰农民形象相仿。^[15]

注释

参考文献

一手文献

1. Carpenter 2023，#29 to Stanley Unwin, #30 to Rütten & Loening, both 25 July 1938 harvnb模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFCarpenter2023 (幫助)

二手文献

1. Yatt, John. Wraiths and Race. The Guardian. 2 December 2002 [25 May 2010]. （原始内容存档于26 August 2013）. 
2. Bhatia, Shyam. The Lord of the Rings rooted in racism. Rediff India Abroad. 8 January 2003 [4 December 2010]. （原始内容存档于3 November 2010）. 
3. Straubhaar 2004，第101–117頁.
4. Fimi, Dimitra. Was Tolkien really racist?. The Conversation. [20 January 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-18）. 
5. Fimi, Dimitra. Revisiting Race in Tolkien's Legendarium: Constructing Cultures and Ideologies in an Imaginary World (lecture). Dimitra Fimi. 2012 [20 January 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-02-18）. 
6. Rogers & Underwood 2000，第121–132頁.
7. Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3 [2024-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）. 
8. Perry, David M. How Can We Untangle White Supremacy From Medieval Studies?. Pacific Standard. [10 October 2021]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-18）. 
9. Reid, Robin Anne. Making or Creating Orcs: How Thorinsmut's Free Orcs AU Writes Back to Tolkien. Journal of Tolkien Research. 11 February 2021, 11 (2). article 3 [2024-06-15]. （原始内容存档于2022-03-08）. 
10. Magoun, John F. G. South, The. Drout, Michael D. C. (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge: 622–623. 2006. ISBN 1-135-88034-4. 
11. Rearick, Anderson. Why is the Only Good Orc a Dead Orc? The Dark Face of Racism Examined in Tolkien's World. Modern Fiction Studies. 2004, 50 (4): 866–867. JSTOR 26286382. S2CID 162647975. doi:10.1353/mfs.2005.0008. 
12. Curry 2004，第30–33頁
13. Chism, Christine. Race and Ethnicity in Tolkien's Works. Drout, Michael (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2013: 555–556 [2007]. 
14. Chism, Christine. Racism, Charges of. Michael Drout (编). J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. 2007. 
15. Heritage, Stuart. The backlash to rule them all? Every controversy about The Rings of Power so far. The Guardian. 5 September 2022 [5 September 2022]. 

• Carpenter, Humphrey (编), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981, ISBN 0-395-31555-7 
• Curry, Patrick. Defending Middle-earth: Tolkien: Myth and Modernity. Houghton Mifflin. 2004: 30–33. ISBN 0-312-17671-6. 
• Fimi, Dimitra. Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits. Palgrave Macmillan. 2010 [2008]. ISBN 978-0-230-21951-9. OCLC 222251097. 
• Lobdell, Jared. The World of the Rings. Open Court. 2004: 116. ISBN 978-0-87548-303-0. 
• Rogers, William N. II; Underwood, Michael R. Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon's Mines and The Hobbit. Sir George Clark (编). J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-earth. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000: 121–132. ISBN 978-0-313-30845-1. 
• Scull, Christina; Hammond, Wayne G. The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion Guide: Chronology. Houghton Mifflin. 2006. ISBN 978-0-618-39102-8. 
• Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif. Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien's Middle-Earth. Chance, Jane (编). Tolkien and the invention of myth: a reader. University Press of Kentucky. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8131-2301-1. 
• Stuart, Robert. Tolkien, Race, and Racism in Middle-earth. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. 2022 [2024-06-15]. ISBN 978-3-030-97475-6. OCLC 1312274691. S2CID 248207455. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97475-6. （原始内容存档于2022-11-16）. 
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