ADAMTS13 (a d isintegrin a nd m etalloproteinase with a t hrombos pondin type 1 motif, member 13 ),又稱溫韋伯氏因子裂解酶 (von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease,VWFCP)是一種含锌 的金屬蛋白酶 。ADAMTS13可以裂解一種稱為溫韋伯氏因子 (vWf)的大型凝血因子 。為一種主要由肝臟星狀細胞(stellate cell)製造的蛋白酶,少量由血管內皮細胞、血小板、腎臟足細胞及腎小管上皮細胞分泌[ 6] ,在人體與動物實驗中皆發現受試者接受部分肝切除手術後,ADAMTS13的活性會下降至正常值的30~40%,可見肝臟對ADAMTS13的製造具有重要的貢獻。本酵素存在於血液 之中,降解vWf多聚體,以降低它們的活性[ 7] 。
ADAMTS13 基因 存在於第九對染色体 (9q34)上[ 7] 。
自1982年時,人們就知道遺傳性血栓性血小板減少性紫癜 (TTP,一種微血管病性溶血性貧血 )患者的血漿中,存在異常巨大的溫韋伯氏因子多聚體(ULVWF)[ 7] 。
1994年,發現在高剪力下時,有一種血漿金屬酶會從vWF第1605位的酪氨酸 及1606位的甲硫氨酸 間切割。1996年,兩個獨立研究團隊分別發現該酵素。自接下來的兩年,同樣的兩個團隊證明了vWF裂解酶與小血管的血小板 血栓 生成相關。此外他們還報導了在大部分非遺傳性TTP患者身上,能發現對抗ADAMTS13的IgG 抗体 [ 7] 。
ADAMTS家族 目前共已知有19種蛋白質,ADAMTS13屬於其中一員,與其他金屬蛋白酶族同樣有一個14個相異的結構域組成的結構,包括金屬蛋白酶(metalloprotease)、解整合素(disintegrin)、TSP1(first thrombospondin type 1 repeat)和間隔域(spacer domain) ,但ADAMTS13並不具備穿膜蛋白結構 ,因此其不存在細胞膜上,而是隨著血液循環在大小血管內作用。該家族的蛋白質擁有蛋白酶結構域,可以水解蛋白質,鄰近則有解聚素 結構域,且含有多個血小板反應蛋白 結構域。ADAMTS13含有8個血小板反應蛋白結構域,且無輸水穿膜段,所以該蛋白並非膜蛋白[ 7] 。
ADAMTS13缺乏症最早發現於Upshaw Schulman Syndrome ,為一種復發性遺傳性血栓性血小板減少性紫癜 。當時學界認為該病屬於一種自體免疫 疾病,因為該疾病使用血漿置換 及IgG抑制劑。在ADAMTS13發現後,研究人員發現這些自體抗體會對抗該蛋白上的抗原表位 [ 7] [ 8] [ 9] 。ADAMTS13具有裂解溫韋伯氏因子多聚體(UL-VWFM)並降低溫韋伯氏因子活性的功能 ,能抑止血小板堆積於微血管形成血栓。[ 10] 由血管內皮細胞分泌的ADAMTS13,可能負責大部分新生溫韋伯氏因子多聚體的裂解,以達到即刻性抑止血栓形成的作用。當ADAMTS13受到自身抗體的攻擊而導致活性下降(小於正常活性10%),即可能造成呈現巨分子狀態的溫韋伯氏因子(也就是溫韋伯氏因子多聚體)沉積後黏附於血管內皮細胞表層,促使微小血管中血小板凝集,使血液中游離的血小板數量不足,同時血管中的纖維蛋白增加亦破壞紅血球結構,形成不正常型態的血球 (例如:裂細胞Schistocyte)與發生溶血現象,導致產生獲得性血栓性血小板減少性紫斑症的臨床症狀。
研究中發現ADAMTS13低下除了與獲得性血栓性血小板減少性紫斑症的形成密切相關外,在其他栓塞性微血管病變(thrombotic microangiopathy,TMA)中ADAMTS13有不同程度的下降[ 11] ,在敗血症、惡性高血壓病患及自體免疫患者中也有發生相似的變化[ 12] [ 13] ,因此合理的推論ADAMTS13活性下降雖然不一定成為直接造成上述疾病的成因,但極有可能在這些病症中擔任促成因子的角色。
^ 與ADAMTS13相關的疾病;在維基數據上查看/編輯參考 .
^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160323、ENSG00000281244 - Ensembl , May 2017
^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000014852 - Ensembl , May 2017
^ Human PubMed Reference: . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Mouse PubMed Reference: . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ [Turner N, Nolasco L, Tao Z, et al. Human endothelial cells synthesize and release ADAMTS-13. J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4:1396–1404.]
^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Levy GG, Motto DG, Ginsburg D. ADAMTS13 turns 3 . Blood. 2005, 106 (1): 11–7 [2016-12-20 ] . PMID 15774620 . doi:10.1182/blood-2004-10-4097 . (原始内容 存档于2010-08-24).
^ Tsai HM. Advances in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura . J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14 (4): 1072–81 [2016-12-20 ] . PMID 12660343 . doi:10.1097/01.ASN.0000060805.04118.4C . (原始内容 存档于2007-10-20).
^ Furlan M, Lämmle B. Aetiology and pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome: the role of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2001, 14 (2): 437–54. PMID 11686108 . doi:10.1053/beha.2001.0142 .
^ [Levy GG, Motto DG, Ginsburg D. ADAMTS13 turns 3. Blood. 2005, 106 (1): 11–7]
^ [Martin K, Borgel D, Lerolle N, et al. Decreased ADAMTS-13 (A disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats) is associated with a poor prognosis in sepsis-induced organ failure. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(10):2375-2382.]
^ [Farkas P, Csuka D, Mikes B, et al. Complement activation, inflammation and relative ADAMTS13 deficiency in secondary thrombotic microangiopathies. Immunobiology. 2017;222(2):119-127.]
^ [Khanal N, Dahal S, Upadhyay S, Bhatt VR, Bierman PJ. Differentiating malignant hypertension-induced thrombotic microangiopathy from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ther Adv Hematol. 2015;6(3):97-102..]
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Category:ADAMTS