刑事法典 (加拿大)

刑事法典
Criminal Code
關於刑事法律的法令
An Act respecting the Criminal Law
引稱RSC 1985, c C-46
制定機關加拿大國會
制定日期First enacted: SC 1892, c 29; carried forward in statute revisions, RSC 1906, c 146 and RSC 1927, c 36; substantially revised and re-enacted, SC 1953-54, c 51; carried forward in statute revisions, RSC 1970, c C-34 and RSC 1985, c C-46

加拿大《刑事法典》（英語：Criminal Code；法語：Code criminel）[Note 1]是一部將加拿大主要刑事罪行及刑事訴訟程序以條文形式訂明的法例。其正式的詳題為《關於刑事法律的法令》（英語：An Act respecting the criminal law；法語：Loi concernant le droit criminel）。[1]在法律報告中，該法典有時縮寫為Cr.C. 。[2]《1867年憲法法令》第91(27)條確立了加拿大國會對加拿大刑事法律（英语：Criminal law in Canada）的唯一管轄權。

《刑事法典》包含部分抗辯理由，但大多數的抗辯理由為普通法（不成文法）的一部分，而非記載於任何成文法規中。不構成該法典一部分的重要加拿大刑事法律包括《火器法令》（Firearms Act）、《受管制藥物與物質法令》（Controlled Drugs and Substances Act）、《加拿大證據法令》（Canada Evidence Act）、《食物及藥物法令》（Food and Drugs Act）、《青少年刑事司法法令》（Youth Criminal Justice Act）及《違例事項法令》（Contraventions Act）。

《刑事法典》的適宜性之一是它構成了一項原則：除非在法規中對所控罪行有明確規定及說明，任何人都不可被定罪。該法律文件在加拿大歷史上發揮了重要作用，並促進了其他法令及法例的形成，如《受管制藥物與物質法令》。[3]

目錄

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《1892年刑事法典》（Criminal Code, 1892）的第一頁
  • 第I部 — General 通則
  • 第II部 — Offences Against Public Order 違反公共秩序的罪行
  • 第II.1部 — Terrorism 恐怖行為
  • 第III部 — Firearms and Other Weapons 火器及其他武器
  • 第IV部 — Offences Against the Administration of Law and Justice 妨礙執行法律及公義的罪行
  • 第V部 — Sexual Offences, Public Morals and Disorderly Conduct 性罪行、公眾道德及行為不檢
  • 第VI部 — Invasion of Privacy 侵犯私隱
  • 第VII部 — Disorderly Houses, Gaming and Betting 不道德場所、博彩及投注
  • 第VIII部 — Offences Against the Person and Reputation 侵害人身及聲譽的罪行
  • 第VIII.1部 — Offences Relating to Conveyances 與運輸工具有關的罪行
  • 第IX部 — Offences Against Rights of Property 侵犯財產權的罪行
  • 第X部 — Fraudulent Transactions Relating to Contracts and Trade 有關合約及貿易的欺詐性交易
  • 第XI部 — Wilful and Forbidden Acts in Respect of Certain Property 與特定財產有關的故意違禁作為
  • 第XII部 — Offences Relating to Currency 有關貨幣的罪行
  • 第XII.1部 — Instruments and Literature for Illicit Drug Use (repealed) 濫用毒品的工具、說明書及宣傳品（廢除）
  • 第XII.2部 — Proceeds of Crime 犯罪得益
  • 第XIII部 — Attempts — Conspiracies — Accessories 企圖—串謀—協從
  • 第XIV部 — Jurisdiction 司法管轄權
  • 第XV部 — Special Procedure and Powers 特別程序及權力
  • 第XVI部 — Compelling Appearance of an Accused Before a Justice and Interim Release 被控人在法官席前的強制性的應訴及暫時釋放
  • 第XVII部 — Language of Accused 被控人的語言
  • 第XVIII部 — Procedure on Preliminary Inquiry 初級偵訊的程序
  • 第XVIII.1部 — Case Management Judge 案件管理法官
  • 第XIX部 — Indictable Offences — Trial Without Jury 可公訴罪行—在沒有陪審團的情況下審訊
  • 第XIX.1部 — Nunavut Court of Justice 努拿烏特地區法院
  • 第XX部 — Procedure in Jury Trials and General Provisions 在有陪審團的情況下進行審訊的程序及一般條文
  • 第XX.1部 — Mental Disorder 精神紊亂
  • 第XXI部 — Appeals — Indictable Offences 上訴—可公訴罪行
  • 第XXI.1部 — Applications for Ministerial Review — Miscarriages of Justice 申請司法部長覆核—司法不公
  • 第XXII部 — Procuring Attendance 促致出庭
  • 第XXII.01部 — Remote Attendance by Certain Persons 某些人士的遙距出庭
  • 第XXII.1部 — Remediation Agreements 補救協議
  • 第XXIII部 — Sentencing 判刑
  • 第XXIV部 — Dangerous Offenders and Long-term Offenders 危險犯罪者及長期犯罪者
  • 第XXV部 — Effect and Enforcement of Undertakings, Release Orders and Recognizances 保證、釋放令及擔保的效力及執行
  • 第XXVI部 — Extraordinary Remedies 特別補救
  • 第XXVII部 — Summary Convictions 簡易程序定罪
  • 第XXVIII部 — Miscellaneous 雜項

歷史及演变

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《刑事法典》植根於多份歷史悠久的法律文件。以下文件在《刑事法典》的構建及演变中發揮了作用：

Evolution of the Criminal Code (Canada), 1892–Present
法令 生效 Highlights
The Criminal Code, 1892，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1892，第29章 July 1, 1893 Sponsored by Minister of Justice Sir John Sparrow David Thompson, it was based on the "Stephen Code", written by Sir James Fitzjames Stephen for a Royal Commission in England in 1879, and subsequently modified by Canadian jurist George Burbidge to address the Canadian context. Its significant provisions included:
  • Ousting from Canadian criminal law any offence under an Act of the British Parliament, "unless such Act is, by the express terms thereof, or of some other Act of such Parliament, made applicable to Canada or some portion thereof as part of Her Majesty's dominions or possessions."
  • Standardization of the age of criminal culpability, so that no juvenile under the age of seven could be convicted, and those between the ages of seven and thirteen could be convicted only where they were "competent to know the nature and consequences of the conduct, and to appreciate that it was wrong."[4]
An Act respecting Arrest, Trial and Imprisonment of Youthful Offenders，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1894，第58章 July 23, 1894 Provided for the separation of juvenile offenders from older persons and habitual criminals during arrest, confinement, trial and subsequent imprisonment, as well as integrating efforts with those of children's aid organizations being organized by the provinces.
The Juvenile Delinquents Act, 1908，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1908，第40章 Implemented over time by specific proclamations, with respect to a specified province or a portion thereof. The Juvenile Delinquents Act was designed to operate in a similar manner to the Probation of Offenders Act 1907 passed by the British Parliament in the previous year, as well as the juvenile delinquent provisions contained in the later Children Act 1908.

While the minimum age for those subject to the Act remained at seven years, the maximum age varied by province. By 1982, it was set at 16 in six provinces, 17 for British Columbia and Newfoundland, and 18 for Quebec and Manitoba.[5]

Criminal Code，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1953–54，第51章 April 1, 1955[6] Reenactment of the Code, with modernization of provisions. It abolished all common law offences (other than for contempt of court), as well as any offences created by the British Parliament or in effect under an Act or ordinance in any place before becoming part of Canada.[7]
Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1968–69，第38章 Various, from July 1, 1969 to January 1, 1970 An omnibus bill promoted by Pierre Elliott Trudeau, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968–69 provided for decriminalizing homosexual acts between consenting adults, legalizing abortion, contraception and lotteries, restricting gun ownership, and authorizing breathalyzer tests on suspected drunk drivers.
Young Offenders Act，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1980-81-82-83，第110章 April 2, 1984.[8] The Young Offenders Act raised the minimum age of criminal responsibility to 12 years, and standardized the maximum age to 16–18 years (depending on the province), as well as setting limits on the length of sentence that could be imposed.
Anti-terrorism Act，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 2001，第41章 December 24, 2001 (principally)[9] Enacted in response to the terrorist attack against the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001, the Anti-Terrorism Act included provisions regarding the financing of terrorism, the establishment of a list of terrorist entities, the freezing of property, the forfeiture of property, and participating, facilitating, instructing and harbouring of terrorism.
Youth Criminal Justice Act，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 2002，第1章 April 1, 2003[10] The Youth Criminal Justice Act was passed to address concerns raised by the effects of the Young Offenders Act.

參見

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備註

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  1. ^ The citation of this Act by these short titles is authorised by the English （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） and French （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） texts of section 1.

參考文獻

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  1. ^ R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46, as amended.
  2. ^ Précis de la Référence Juridiquede Lacour D’Appel du Québec [The Court of Appeal of Quebec Guide to Legal Citation] (PDF). [2022-02-19]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-02-19）. 
  3. ^ 1892, Canada's Criminal Code. Duhaime.org – Learn Law. [2016-09-19]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-16） （美国英语）. 
  4. ^ 1892 Code, ss. 9–10
  5. ^ Robin, Laura. Laws affecting young to change. Ottawa Citizen. 26 May 1982: 47 [2022-02-19]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-01）. 
  6. ^ An Act to amend the Criminal Code，加拿大法規|S.C.（英语：Statutes of Canada） 1955，第2章
  7. ^ 1953-54 Act, ss. 7–8
  8. ^ Young Offenders Act: Proclaimed in force April 2, 1984，SI/84-56
  9. ^ Order Fixing December 24, 2001 as the Date of the Coming into Force of Certain Sections of the Act，SI/2002-16
  10. ^ Order Fixing April 1, 2003 as the Date of the Coming into Force of the Act，SI/2002-91

外部連結

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