功能性滅絕(英語:functional extinction)是指一個物種或分類單元已達以下狀況:
- 化石記錄已消失,或是已經找不到其存在的證據;[1]
- 族群大小減少到無法於生態系中維持有意義的功能;[2][3][4]
- 族群大小已不再可持續,其中已經沒有個體可以進行繁殖,或者族群過小,近交衰退和遗传漂变會不可避免地導致適應度降低。[5]
在IUCN紅色名錄中,一個不再有最近觀察紀錄、已經功能性滅絕的物種,除非真的確定最後一隻個體已死亡,否則會被歸類為極危物種(critically endangered)。
- Ceratotherium simum cottoni-北白犀
- Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni-婆羅犀
- Campephilus principalis-象牙喙啄木鳥
- Tadorna cristata-冠麻鸭
- Rhodonessa caryophyllacea-粉头鸭
- Luciobrama macrocephalus-鯮
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Ceratotherium simum cottoni-北白犀
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Dicerorhinus sumatrensis harrissoni-婆羅犀
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Eubalaena glacialis-北大西洋露脊鯨
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Campephilus principalis-象牙喙啄木鳥
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Panthera tigris amoyensis-华南虎
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Rafetus swinhoei-斑鱉
- ^ Extinctions in Near Time: Causes, Contexts, and Consequences (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) 1999. Edited by R.D.E. MacPhee, Hans-Dieter Sues. page 202.
- ^ What is the link between biodiversity and ecosystem services?. Scientific Facts on Biodiversity. [2006-12-16]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-30).
- ^ Säterberg, Torbjörn; Sellman, Stefan; Ebenman, Bo. High frequency of functional extinctions in ecological networks. Nature. 2013-07-25, 499 (7459): 468–470. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..468S. PMID 23831648. doi:10.1038/nature12277 .
- ^ Yoshida, Kate Shaw. Not yet gone, but effectively extinct. arstechnica. 2013-07-12 [2019-05-19]. (原始内容存档于2023-11-25).
But there is another type, called “functional extinction,” which takes a more ecological approach. Some scientists argue that the threshold for extinction should not be the complete disappearance of a species, but instead the point at which there aren’t enough individuals left in that species to perform whatever roles it was playing in the ecosystem.
- ^ Novak, Ben Jacob. De-Extinction. Genes. 2018-11-13, 9 (11). 548. PMC 6265789 . PMID 30428542. doi:10.3390/genes9110548 .