劳里湖(阿拉伯语:خور روري,羅馬化:Khawr Rawrī)是代爾巴特乾河的河口湾,位于阿曼佐法尔省塔盖附近。劳里湖是间歇性封闭/开放的湖泊/潟湖,与阿拉伯海之间隔着一道沙坝,水位高时湖海之间会出现临时的浅窄水道。[1]劳里湖是阿拉伯半岛重要的鸟类繁育场所,[2] 在古代也是重要的乳香贸易海港。[1] 《爱利脱利亚海周航记》记载的摩斯卡港湾(古希臘語:Μόσχα λιμήν,意思可能是“嫩芽港湾”,或许指这里曾经存在的红树林)可能就是劳里湖。[3]
劳里湖最有名的是东岸的苏姆胡拉姆(Sumhuram)港口城堡遗址。这座古城可能就是托勒密《地理学指南》提到的深渊之城(古希臘語:Ἄβισσα πόλις)。[4][5][6]古城建立于公元前3世纪,最初属于哈德拉毛王国的东部边地,[7]后来又划入希木叶尔王国的势力范围,[8] 最后由于沙坝封闭了劳里湖的入海口而在5世纪没落。[1][9]2000年,古城遗址作为乳香之地四处遗迹之一成为联合国教科文组织世界遗产。[10]
劳里湖入海口两侧各有一座方山,西侧为塔盖岬(阿拉伯语:إنقطاعة طاقة,羅馬化:Inqiṭāʿat Ṭāqah),东侧为米尔巴特岬(阿拉伯语:إنقطاعة مرباط,羅馬化:Inqiṭāʿat Mirbāṭ)。[11]这两座方山上也有古代遗迹。米尔巴特岬遗址又称东哈姆尔(阿拉伯语:الحمر الشرقية,羅馬化:Al-Ḥamr al-Sharqiyah)遗址。[12]
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苏姆胡拉姆解说牌
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苏姆胡拉姆解说牌
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苏姆胡拉姆遗址
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- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Hoorn, Carina; Cremaschi, Mauro. Late Holocene palaeoenvironmental history of Khawr Rawri and Khawr Al Balid (Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2004-10-07, 213 (1): 1–36 [2024-01-04]. ISSN 0031-0182. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.03.014. (原始内容存档于2012-02-04) (英语).
- ^ Dhofar beckons lovers of nature tourism. Ministry of Tourism (Oman). 29 June 2011 [26 November 2019].
- ^ Bukharin, Mikhail. The Name of Moscha Limen. Avanzini, Alessandra (编). Khor Rori Report 1. Pisa, Italy: Edizioni Plus. 2002: 323–324 [2024-01-04]. ISBN 88-8492-031-0. (原始内容存档于2024-01-21).
- ^ Bent, James Theodore. Exploration of the Frankincense Country, Southern Arabia. The Geographical Journal. 1895, 6 (2): 109–133 [2024-01-04]. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1773739. doi:10.2307/1773739. (原始内容存档于2024-04-14).
- ^ Bent, James Theodore. The Land of Frankincense and Myrrh. The Nineteenth Century. 1895, 38 (224): 595–613 [2024-01-04]. (原始内容存档于2024-01-04).
- ^ Bent, James Theodore; Bent, Mabel Virginia Anna. The Identification of Abyssapolis. Southern Arabia. London, England: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900: 268–276.
- ^ Avanzini, Alessandra; Sedov, Alexander V. The stratigraphy of Sumhuram: new evidence. Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies. 2005, 35: 11–17 [2024-01-04]. ISSN 0308-8421. JSTOR 41219365. (原始内容存档于2024-01-18).
- ^ Sedov, Alexander V. The Coins from Sumhuram: the 2001A-2004A Seasons. Avanzini, Alessandra (编). A Port in Arabia Between Rome and the Indian Ocean, 3rd C.BC-5th C.AD: Khor Rori Report 2. Rome, Italy: L'Erma di Bretschneider. 2008: 277–316. ISBN 978-88-8265-469-6.
- ^ Avanzini, Alessandra. A Port in Arabia Between Rome and the Indian Ocean, 3rd C.BC-5th C.AD: Khor Rori Report 2. Rome, Italy: L'Erma di Bretschneider. 2008 [2024-01-04]. ISBN 978-88-8265-469-6. (原始内容存档于2024-01-04).
- ^ Land of Frankincense. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2000 [2021-03-25]. (原始内容存档于2020-06-29).
- ^ Avanzini, Alessandra; Orazi, Roberto. The construction phases of Khor Rori's monumental gate. Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 2001, 12 (2): 249–259 [2024-01-04]. ISSN 1600-0471. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0471.2001.d01-9.x. (原始内容存档于2024-01-08) (英语).
- ^ Rougeulle, Axelle. A Medieval Trade Entrepôt at Khor Rori? The Study of the Islamic Ceramic from al-Ḥamr al-Sharqiya. Avanzini, Alessandra (编). A Port in Arabia Between Rome and the Indian Ocean, 3rd C.BC-5th C.AD: Khor Rori Report 2. Rome, Italy: L'Erma di Bretschneider. 2008: 645–667 [2024-01-04]. ISBN 978-88-8265-469-6. (原始内容存档于2020-11-08).