電子顯微鏡下的SARS-CoV-2
新兴病毒 (Emergent virus;Emerging virus)泛指新出現且短期內可能快速散播的病毒 [ 1] ,為造成新興傳染病 的主要原因,可能造成地方或全球的疾病爆發 而導致公共衛生 危機[ 2] ,並嚴重影響經濟[ 3] ,例如2002年至2004年SARS-CoV 造成的SARS事件 以及2019年至今SARS-CoV-2 造成的2019冠状病毒病疫情 [ 4] [ 5] ,此外還有中東呼吸綜合症冠狀病毒 (MERS-CoV)、人類免疫缺乏病毒 (HIV)、伊波拉病毒 [ 6] 、H5N1流感病毒 (造成禽流感 )[ 7] 、H1N1流感病毒 (造成2009年H1N1新型流感疫情 )[ 8] 等。新興病毒的由來通常是感染其他動物的病毒跨物種感染 人類,造成人畜共通傳染病 ,因其以其他動物為自然宿主 ,通常難以完全根除 ,而會長期流傳於人群中[ 9] 。
新兴病毒與再發病毒(re-emerging viruses)或新發現病毒(newly detected viruses)不同,再發病毒為過去已存在、近期再次爆發的病毒[ 1] [ 10] ,例如麻疹病毒 [ 11] ;新發現病毒則為過去已廣泛流傳,但可能因難以分離、培養 而未鑑定識別的病毒[ 12] [ 13] ,例如鼻病毒 (最常造成普通感冒 的病毒,但遲至1956年才被鑑定發表)[ 14] 、C型肝炎病毒 (1989年被鑑定發表)[ 15] 、人類偏肺病毒 (2001年被鑑定發表,但可能在十九世紀時即已在人群中流傳)[ 16] 。
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