B组链球菌(Group B streptococcus,GBS),也称为无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae),是一种通常被认为是新生儿早发性感染的主要病因。B组链球菌是一种有包膜的革兰氏阳性球菌,定植于孕妇的消化道和泌尿生殖道。这种病原体是垂直传播的(在分娩开始后从母亲的阴道直接传播到婴儿的羊水中)。由于B组链球菌的高患病率,在孕期进行例行筛查以检测细菌是很有必要的。如果在母体的消化道和泌尿生殖道中发现此细菌,母亲将接受静脉注射抗生素(通常是青霉素或氨苄青霉素)。[9]
甲型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis A virus,HAV)是一种无包膜的单链RNA病毒,通过粪口途径传播,主要传播途径是密切接触或摄入受污染的食物或水。在怀孕期间,甲型肝炎可导致胎盘早剥、羊水早破和早产率增加。
乙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis B virus,HBV)是一种有包膜的双链DNA病毒,通过接触血液传播,主要传播途径是血液传播、性传播或围产期传播。在怀孕期间,急性乙型肝炎感染会导致早产、低出生体重和妊娠糖尿病的风险增加。慢性乙型肝炎感染是全球最大的问题。慢性乙型肝炎感染可导致急性肝功能衰竭和谷丙转氨酶升高。还存在母婴传播的风险,主要发生在在受感染母亲分娩新生儿期间。一些受感染的新生儿会发展为急性乙型肝炎,并出现腹胀、黄疸、粘土色大便和发育迟缓等症状。然而,大多数受感染的新生儿没有症状,但会在血液中持续存在乙型肝炎表面抗原和转氨酶水平升高。[20][21]
丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C virus,HCV)是一种有包膜的单链RNA病毒,通过接触血液传播,主要传播途径是血液传播、性传播或围产期传播。慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染可能会影响妊娠结局,例如小于胎龄儿、宫内死亡、低出生体重和早产的发生率增加,但尚未观察到这些不良结局与丙型肝炎感染之间存在明确关联。此外,母婴传播的风险也会增加,主要归因于分娩过程中的事件。[20]
丁型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis D virus,HDV)是一种单链RNA病毒,通过接触血液传播,主要传播途径是血液传播、性传播或围产期传播。关于丁型肝炎感染对胎儿或婴儿结局影响的研究有限,但人们认为其影响与乙型肝炎感染相似。[20]
戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)是一种无包膜的单链RNA病毒,通过粪口途径传播,主要传播途径是密切接触或摄入受污染的食物或水。在怀孕期间,急性戊型肝炎感染会导致不良妊娠结局增加,例如孕产妇和胎儿发病率和死亡率增加、急性肝功能衰竭以及与早产相关的并发症。[20]
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