基本结构理论是申克理论中最饱受批评的部分——把所有调性音乐都简化为差不多千篇一律的背景结构,这是让人难以接受的。然而这是一个误解:申克分析并非要说明所有作品都能简化为同样的背景,而是要阐释每部作品是如何独一无二地展开背景,而实现其本体和“含义”的。这也是申克的座右铭:“Semper idem, sed non eodem modo.”(永远相同,但以不同的方式相同。)[19]
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George Wedge早在1925年于纽约的音乐艺术学院教授了一些申克的思想。[57]曾在维也纳师从Hans Weisse的Victor Vaughn Lytle写做了可能是最早讨论申克学说的英语文章《当前的作曲》(《美国管风琴家杂志》1931年),但没有明确归功于申克。[58]最早从1912年起就跟随申克学习过的Weisse本人,在1931年移民美国,并在纽约曼尼斯音乐学院教授申克分析。他的一个学生Adele T. Katz在1935年为《亨利希·申克的分析方法》一书供稿[59],又在1945年为另一本重要的书《挑战音乐传统》供稿:她的分析对象不仅限于申克喜爱的J. S. 巴赫、C. P. E. 巴赫、海顿和贝多芬,还包括瓦格纳、德彪西、斯特拉文斯基和勋伯格。这无疑可以代表拓宽申克分析的语料库的最早尝试。[60]
1976 Transl. by H. Siegel, Music Forum 4, pp. 1–139.
1979 Japanese translation by A. Noro and A. Tamemoto.
1906 Harmonielehre.
1954 Harmony, transl. by Elisabeth Mann Borgese, edited and annotated by Oswald Jonas ISBN 9780226737348.
1990 Spanish transl. by R. Barce.
1910 Kontrapunkt I.
1987 Counterpoint I, transl. by J. Rothgeb et J. Thym.
1912 Beethovens neunte Sinfonie, 1912
1992 Beethoven's Ninth Symphony: a Portrayal of its Musical Content, with Running Commentary on Performance and Literature as well, transl. by J. Rothgeb, 1992.
2010 Japanese transl. by H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1913 Beethoven, Sonate E dur op. 109 (Erläuterungsausgabe).
2012 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1914 Beethoven, Sonate As dur op. 110 (Erläuterungsausgabe).
2013 Japanese transl. by M. Yamada, H. Nishida and T. Numaguchi.
1921–1924 Der Tonwille (10 vols.)
2004–2005 Der Tonwille, transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
1922 Kontrapunkt II.
1987 Counterpoint II, transl. by J. Rothgeb et J. Thym.
1922 "Haydn: Sonate Es-Dur", Der Tonwille III, pp. 3–21.
1988 Transl. by W. Petty, Theoria 3, pp. 105–160.
1923 "J. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien Nr. 2 [BWV 939]", Der Tonwille IV, 1923, p. 7.
1925 Beethovens V. Sinfonie. Darstellung des musikalischen Inhaltes nach der Handschrift unter fortlaufender Berücksichtigung des Vortrages und der Literatur, Vienne, Tonwille Verlag et Universal Edition. Reprint 1970.
1971 Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony N. 5 in C minor, partial transl. by E. Forbes and F. J. Adams jr., New York, Norton, 1971 (Norton Critical Score 9), pp. 164–182.
2000 Japanese transl. by T. Noguchi.
1925–1930 Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, 3 vols.
1998 transl. under the direction of William Drabkin.
1925 "Die Kunst der Improvisation", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 9–40.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1925 "Weg mit dem Phrasierungsbogen", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 41–60.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Sechs Sonaten für Violine. Sonata III, Largo", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 61–73.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1976 Transl. by J. Rothgeb, The Music Forum 4, p. 141-159.
1925 "Joh. S. Bach: Zwölf kleine Präludien, Nr. 6 [BWV 940]", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, pp. 99–105.
1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in D minor, [L.413]", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 125–135.
1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 153–164.
1925 "Domenico Scarlatti: Keyboard Sonata in G major, [L.486]", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 137–144.
1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 171–179.
1925 "Chopin: Etude Ges-Dur op. 10, Nr. 5", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik I, p. 161-173.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1925 "Erläuterungen", Das Meisterwerk in der Music I, pp. 201–205. (Also published in Der Tonwille 9 and 10 and in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II.)
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1986 Transl. by J. Bent, Music Analysis 5/2-3, pp. 187–191.
1926 "Fortsetzung der Urlinie-Betrachtungen", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 9–42.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1926 "Vom Organischen der Sonatenform", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 43–54.
1968 Transl. by O. Grossman, Journal of Music Theory 12, pp. 164–183, reproduced in Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches, M. Yeston ed., New Haven, 1977, pp. 38–53.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1926 "Das Organische der Fuge, aufgezeigt an der I. C-Moll-Fuge aus dem Wohltemperierten Klavier von Joh. Seb. Bach", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, p. 55-95
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1926 "Joh. Seb. Bach: Suite III C-Dur für Violoncello-Solo, Sarabande", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, 1926, pp. 97–104.
1970 Transl. by H. Siegel, The Music Forum 2, pp. 274–282.
"Mozart: Sinfonie G-Moll", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 105–157.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
"Haydn: Die Schöpfung. Die Vorstellung des Chaos", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 159–170.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
"Ein Gegenbeispiel: Max Reger, op. 81. Variationen unf Fuge über ein Thema von Joh. Seb. Bach für Klavier", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik II, pp. 171–192.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1930 "Rameau oder Beethoven? Erstarrung oder geistiges Leben in der Musik?", Das Meisterwerk in der Musik III, pp. 9–24.
1973 Transl. by S. Kalib, "Thirteen Essays from the Three Yearbooks Das Meisterwerk in der Musik: An Annotated Translation," PhD diss., Northwestern University.
1932 Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln.
1933 Five Analyses in Sketch Form, New York, D. Mannes Music School.
1969 New version with a glossary by F. Salzer: Five Graphic Music Analyses, New York, Dover.
1935/1956 Der freie Satz. Translations of the 2d edition, 1956.
1979 Free Composition, transl. by E. Oster, 1979.
1993 L'Écriture libre, French transl. by N. Meeùs, Liège-Bruxelles, Mardaga.
1997 Chinese translation by Chen Shi-Ben, Beijing, People's Music Publications.
2004 Russian transl. by B. Plotnikov, Krasnoyarsk Academy of Music and Theatre.
Oswald Jonas, Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerks, Wien, Universal, 1934; revised edition, Einführung in die Lehre Heinrich Schenkers. Das Wesen des musikalischen Kunstwerkes, Wien, Universal, 1972. English translation of the revised edition, Introduction to the Theory of Heinrich Schenker: The Nature of the Musical Work of Art, transl. J. Rothgeb, New York and London, Longman, 1982.
Felix Salzer, Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music, New York, Charles Boni, 1952.
Allen Forte and Steven E. Gilbert, Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis, 1982.
Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné, Analysis of Tonal Music. A Schenkerian Approach, New York, Oxford University Press, 3d edition, 2011 (1st edition, 1998).
Edward Aldwell and Carl Schachter, Harmony and Voice Leading, Boston, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 4th edition (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011 (1st edition, 2003).
Tom Pankhurst, Schenkerguide. A Brief Handbook and Website for Schenkerian Analysis, New York and London, Routledge, 2008 Schenkerguide website (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
Luciane Beduschi and Nicolas Meeùs, Analyse schenkérienne (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (in French), 2013; several earlier versions archived on the same page. Albanian translation by Sokol Shupo, available on the same webpage.
^Schenker described the concept in a paper titled Erläuterungen (“Elucidations”), which he published four times between 1924 and 1926: Der Tonwille vol. 8–9, pp. 49–51, vol. 10, pp. 40–2; Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vol. 1, pp. 201–05; 2, p. 193-97. English translation, Der Tonwille, vol. 2, p. 117-18 (the translation, although made from vols. 8–9 of the German original, gives as original pagination that of Das Meisterwerk 1; the text is the same). The concept of tonal space is still present in Free Composition, especially § 13, but less clearly than in the earlier presentation.
^Robert E. Wason, Viennese Harmonic Theory from Albrechtsberger to Schenker and Schoenberg, Ann Arbor, London, UMI Research Press, 1982/1985.
^Matthew Brown, Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, 2005, p. 69, reproduces a chart showing that the "tonality of a given foreground can be generated from the diatony of the given background through various levels of the middleground".
^Heinrich Schenker, Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 12: "In the present day, when it is necessary to distinguish clearly between composition and that preliminary school represented by strict counterpoint, we must use the eternally valid of those rules for strict counterpoint, even if we no longer view them as applicable to composition".
^Counterpoint, vol. I, p. 74. J. Rothgeb and J. Thym, the translators, quote Cherubini from the original French, which merely says that "conjunct motion better suits strict counterpoint than disjunct motion", but Schenker had written: der fliessende Gesang ist im strengen Stile immer besser as der sprungweise (Kontrapunkt, vol. I, p. 104) ("the fluent melody is always better in strict style than the disjunct one"). Fliessender Gesang not only appears in several 19th-century German translations of Cherubini, but may be common in German counterpoint theory from the 18th century and might go back to Fux’ description of the flexibili motuum facilitate, the "flexible ease of motions" (Gradus, Liber secundus, Exercitii I, Lectio quinta) or even earlier.
^The canonical Ursatz is discussed in Free Composition, §§ 1–44, but it was first described in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik, vol. III (1930), p. 20-21 (English translation, p. 7-8). The word Ursatz already appeared in Schenker’s writings in 1923 (Der Tonwille 5, p. 45; English translation, vol. I, p. 212).
^William Rothstein, "Articles on Schenker and Schenkerian Theory in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2nd edition", Journal of Music Theory 45/1 (2001), p. 218-219.
^David Beach, "Schenker's Theories: A Pedagogical View", Aspects of Schenkerian Theory, D. Beach ed., New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1983, p. 27.
^H. Schenker, Fünf Urlinie-Tafeln (Five Analyses in Sketchform), New York, Mannes Music School, 1933; Five Graphic Analyses, New York, Dover, 1969. The Foreword is dated 30 August 1932.
^On this most interesting topic, see Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice", Music Analysis 8/3 (1989), pp. 275–301.
^William Rothstein, "Rhythmic Displacement and Rhythmic Normalization", Trends in Schenkerian Research, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp. 87–113. Rothstein's idea is that ornamentations such as retardations or syncopations result from displacements with respect to a "normal" rhythm; other diminutions (e.g. neighbor notes) also displace the tones that they ornate and usually shorten them. Removing these displacements and restoring the shortened note values operates a "rhythmic normalization" that "reflects an unconscious process used by every experienced listener" (p. 109).
^Kofi Agawu, "Schenkerian Notation in Theory and Practice", op. cit., p. 287, quotes Czerny's representation of the "ground-harmony" of Chopin's Study op. 10 n. 1 (in his School of Practical Composition, 1848), reproduced here in a somewhat simplified version.
^Edward Aldwell, Carl Schachter and Allen Cadwallader, Harmony and Voice Leading, 4th edition, Schirmer, Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 692.
^Allen Cadwallader and David Gagné, Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach, New York, OUP, 3/2011, pp. 66–8.
^Free Composition, p.74-5, §205–7. Schenker’s German term is scheinbare Züge, literally "apparent linear progressions"; Oster’s translation as "illusory" may overstate the point.
^The matter of the elaboration of seventh chords remains ambiguous in Schenkerian theory. See Yosef Goldenberg, Prolongation of Seventh Chords in Tonal Music, Lewinston, The Edwin Mellen Press, 2008.
^William Drabkin. Reaching over. 新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典. Oxford University Press.
^For a detailed study of "unfolding", see Rodney Garrison, Schenker’s Ausfaltung Unfolded: Notation, Terminology, and Practice, PhD Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2012.
^William Drabkin. Register transfer. 新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典. Oxford University Press.
^See David Gagné, "The Compositional Use of Register in Three Piano Sonatas by Mozart", Trends in Schenkerian Research, A. Cadwallader ed., New York, Schirmer, 1990, pp.23–39.
^The cases described in the following paragraphs are discussed in Heinrich Schenker, "Further Consideration of the Urlinie: II", translated by John Rothgeb, The Masterwork in Music, vol. II, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 1–22.
^Matthew Brown, Explaining Tonality. Schenkerian Theory and Beyond, Rochester, University of Rochester Press, pp. 96–98.
^Letter of June 1, 1927 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). See David Carson Berry, "Schenker’s First 'Americanization': George Wedge, The Institute of Musical Art, and the 'Appreciation Racket'", Gamut 4/1 (2011), Essays in Honor of Allen Forte III, particularly p. 157 and note 43.
^Benjamin Ayotte, "The Reception of Heinrich Schenker’s Concepts Outside the United States as Indicated by Publications Based on His Works: A Preliminary Study", Acta musicologica (CZ), 2004 (online).
^David Carson Berry, "Hans Weisse and the Dawn of American Schenkerism", The Journal of Musicology 20/1 (Winter 2003), p. 104.
^David Carson Berry, "Schenker's First 'Americanization'", op. cit., pp. 143–144.
^David Carson Berry, "Victor Vaughn Lytle and the Early Proselytism of Schenkerian Ideas in the U.S.", Journal of Schenkerian Studies 1 (2005), pp. 98–99. Theory and Practice 10/1-2 (1985) published for the 50th anniversary of Schenker's death other early American texts, including an unsigned obituary in The New York Times (February 3, 1935); Arthur Plettner, "Heinrich Schenker's Contribution to Theory" (Musical America VI/3, February 10, 1936); Israel Citkowitz, "The Role of Heinrich Schenker" (Modern Music XI/1, November–December 1933); Frank Knight Dale, "Heinrich Schenker and Musical Form", Bulletin of the American Musicological Society 7, October 1943); Hans Weisse, "The Music Teacher's Dilemma", Proceedings or the Music Teachers National Association (1935); William J. Mitchell, "Heinrich Schenker's Approach to Detail", Musicology I/2 (1946); Arthur Waldeck and Nathan Broder, "Musical Synthesis as Expounded by Heinrich Schenker", The Musical Mercury XI/4 (December 1935); and Adele Katz, "Heinrich Schenker's Method of Analysis" (The Musical Quarterly XXI/3, July 1935). See also David Carson Berry, A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices (Hillsdale, NY, Pendragon Press, 2004), section XIV.c.ii., "Reception through English Language Writings, Prior to 1954", pp. 437–43.
^The Musical Quarterly 21/3 (July 1935), pp. 311–329.
^Adele Katz, Challenge to Musical Tradition. A New Concept of Tonality, New York, Alfred Knopf, 1945. The book is divided in nine chapters, the first describing "The Concept of Tonality", the eight following devoted to J. S. Bach, Ph. E. Bach, Haydn, Beethoven, Wagner, Debussy, Stravinsky and Schoenberg respectively. On Adele Katz, see David Carson Berry, "The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School,'" Current Musicology 74 (2002), pp. 103–51.
^Reproduced in Critical Inquiry 2/1 (Autumn 1975), pp. 113–119.
Beach, David, ed. (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300028003
Berry, David Carson (2004). A Topical Guide to Schenkerian Literature: An Annotated Bibliography with Indices. Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press; ISBN 9781576470954. A thorough documentation of Schenker-related research and analysis. The largest Schenkerian reference work ever published, it has 3600 entries (2200 principal, 1400 secondary) representing the work of 1475 authors. It is organized topically: fifteen broad groupings encompass seventy topical headings, many of which are divided and subdivided again, resulting in a total of 271 headings under which entries are collected.
Eybl, Martin and Fink-Mennel, Evelyn, eds. (2006). Schenkerian traditions. A Viennese school of music theory and its international dissemination. Vienna, Cologne, Weimar: Böhlau. ISBN 3-205-77494-9.
Jonas, Oswald (1982). Introduction to the theory of Heinrich Schenker: the nature of the musical work of art. ISBN 9780967809939, translated by John Rothgeb. New York and London: Longman. "Most complete discussion of Schenker's theories." (Beach 1983)
Blasius, Leslie D. (1996). Schenker's Argument and the Claims of Music Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-55085-8.
Brown, Matthew (2005). Explaining Tonality: Schenkerian Theory and Beyond. University of Rochester Press. ISBN 1-58046-160-3.
Cook, Nicholas (2007). The Schenker Project: Culture, Race, and Music Theory in Fin-de-siècle Vienna. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-974429-7.
Essays on the dissemination of Schenkerian thought in the U.S. by David Carson Berry:
The Role of Adele T. Katz in the Early Expansion of the New York 'Schenker School'. Current Musicology. 2002, 74: 103–51.
Eybl, Martin; Fink-Mennel, Evelyn (编). Hans Weisse (1892–1940). Schenker-Traditionen: Eine Wiener Schule der Musiktheorie und ihre internationale Verbreitung [Schenker Traditions: A Viennese School of Music Theory and Its International Dissemination]. Vienna: Böhlau Verlag. 2006: 91–103. ISBN 978-3-205-77494-5.
Forte, Allen and Gilbert, Steven E. (1982). Introduction to Schenkerian Analysis. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-95192-8. Schenker never presented a pedagogical presentation of his theories, this being the first according to its authors.
Snarrenberg, Robert (1997). "Schenker's Interpretive Practice." Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-49726-4.
Cadwallader, Allen and Gagné, David (1998). Analysis of Tonal Music: A Schenkerian Approach, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-510232-0. The second major English-language textbook on Schenkerian analysis"
Kalib, Sylvan (1973). Thirteen Essays from The Three Yearbooks “Das Meisterwerk in Der Musik,” by Heinrich Schenker: An Annotated Translation. (Vol.’s I–III). Ph.D. diss., Northwestern University.
Westergaard, Peter (1975). An Introduction to Tonal Theory. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393093421
Aldwell, Edward, and Schachter, Carl (2003). Harmony and Voice Leading. Schirmer. 2d ed. 2008; 3d ed. (with Allen Cadwallader), 2011. ISBN 0-495-18975-8.
Pankhurst, Tom (2008), SchenkerGUIDE: A Brief Handbook and Web Site for Schenkerian Analysis, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97398-8 – an introduction for those completely new to the subject.
Salzer, Felix (1952). Structural Hearing: Tonal Coherence in Music. New York: Charles Boni. "The first book to present a reorganization (as well as modification and expansion) of Schenker's writings from a pedagogical standpoint." Beach (1983)
Westergaard, Peter (1975). An Introduction to Tonal Theory. New York: W.W. Norton.
Yeston, Maury, ed. (1977). Readings in Schenker Analysis and Other Approaches. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Beach, David, ed. (1983). Aspects of Schenkerian Theory. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Epstein, David (1979). Beyond Orpheus – Studies in Musical Structure. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Komar, Arthur (1971/1980). Theory of Suspensions: A Study of Metrical Pitch Relations in Tonal Music. Princeton: Princeton University Press/Austin, Texas: Peer Publications. (Beach 1983)
Yeston, Maury (1976). The Stratification of Musical Rhythm. New Haven: Yale University Press. (Beach 1983)