科尔劳施定律和德拜-休克尔-昂萨格理论都不适用于高浓度电解质溶液。原因在于,随着离子浓度的增大,离子间距减小,离子间相互作用变得显著。溶液中是否会有离子缔合(英语:ion-association)现象还有争议。但是,一般认为阴阳离子间会形成离子对。此种情况下电解质可视为弱电解质处理, 离解系数 K 由平衡方程给出:
A+ + B− ⇌ A+B−; K=[A+][B−]/[A+B−]
计算中, K 不一定非得视为真实的平衡常数,而是用来表示离子缔合,扩大理论和实验的符合范围[12]。也有理论试图将昂萨格理论扩展到高浓度溶液[13]。
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^Fuoss, R.M.; Kraus, C.A. Properties of Electrolytic Solutions. XV. Thermodynamic Properties of Very Weak Electrolytes. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57: 1–4. doi:10.1021/ja01304a001.
^Weingärtner, H.; Weiss, V.C.; Schröer, W. Ion association and electrical conductance minimum in Debye–Hückel-based theories of the hard sphere ionic fluid. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 113 (2): 762–. Bibcode:2000JChPh.113..762W. doi:10.1063/1.481822.
^Ranjit Biswas and Biman Bagchi. Limiting Ionic Conductance of Symmetrical, Rigid Ions in Aqueous Solutions: Temperature Dependence and Solvent Isotope Effects. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 119 (29): 5946–5953. doi:10.1021/ja970118o.
Hans Falkenhagen, Theorie der Elektrolyte, S. Hirzel Verlag, Leipzig, 1971
Friedman, Harold L. Relaxation Term of the Limiting Law of the Conductance of Electrolyte Mixtures. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 1965, 42 (2): 462. Bibcode:1965JChPh..42..462F. doi:10.1063/1.1695956.