白宮行政官邸

38°53′52″N 77°02′11″W / 38.89778°N 77.03639°W / 38.89778; -77.03639

白宫行政官邸北面。

白宫地面层主要房间位置示意图。

白宫国家层主要房间位置示意图。

白宫第二层主要房间位置示意图。

行政官邸（英語：Executive Residence）是位于白宫建筑群东翼（英语：East Wing）与西翼之间的中央建筑。行政官邸是白宫建筑群中最著名的部分，也是真正的“住宅”部分。这座中央建筑始建于1792年至1800年，是美国总统及第一家庭（英语：First family of the United States）的住所。行政官邸主要由四层组成：地面层、国家层、第二层和第三层。1948年至1952年，在杜鲁门总统重建白宫（英语：White House Reconstruction）期间，修建了带有夹层的两层地下室以用于安置暖通空调、机械系统、存储设备，以及布置服务区域。

地下层

白宫地下层是在1948年到1952年的重建（英语：White House Reconstruction）过程中新增的^[1][2][3]，其中包含了空调及水软化设备^[4][5][6]。地下层及夹层还包含了储存区、供暖系统、电梯机械室、医疗诊所、牙医诊所^[6]、电气控制系统^[1]、洗衣房^[1][6][7]，以及餐具存放地^[8]。

基底层

新旧厨房变迁

白宫的基底层最初包含一系列服务用房。由于白宫建立在一个向南倾斜的小山丘上，为了提供通往基底层北侧的通道，在修建时挖掉了该宅邸北侧及其东北角和西北角附近的区域，以便为底层的这一半提供光线和空气^[9]。建筑师詹姆斯·霍班（英语：James Hoban）设计了基底层，他将厨房修建在入口大厅（英语：Entrance Hall）的下方，即在北门廊下方有通往厨房的门。储藏室在厨房的东侧，而厕所和洗碗室在西侧^[10]。1846年，厨房搬到了地下一层西北角的两个房间，而旧的厨房空间变成了非正式的客厅或接待室^[11]。截至2010年，这个原本由在1800年代修建的厨房所占据的巨大中央空间已被细分为白宫管理人办公室（英语：White House Office of the Curator）和美国特勤局办公室^[12]。新厨房也继续占据了位于底楼西北角的三个房间，但现在大小有所改变^[12]。

原厨房东侧的储藏室在1809年成为食品储藏间^[13]，在1825年成为肉类储物柜^[14]，然后在1946年变成通往国家层的楼梯^[11][15]。到2010年为止，该区域基本上保持不变，但在1952年为了建造电梯井而将楼梯收窄^[16]。

图书馆区域

外交接待室

地图室

金银室

北草坪拓展部分

国家层

第二层

第三层

参考资料

脚注

出典

1. Frey 2004，第286頁.
2. $5,412,000 Asked, For White House. 华盛顿邮报. 1949-02-18: 21. 
3. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第70, 74頁.
4. Klara 2013，第160頁.
5. White House Temperatures Are Checked by Pushbutton. 华盛顿邮报. 1953-06-04: 32. 
6. McCullough 2003，第1048頁.
7. Sullivan 1989，第37頁.
8. Sullivan 1989，第52頁.
9. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第31–32頁.
10. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第147頁.
11. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第174頁.
12. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第178頁.
13. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第152頁.
14. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第161頁.
15. World Book 2005，第20頁.
16. Phillips-Schrock 2013，第174, 178頁.

文献

Aitken, Jonathan. Margaret Thatcher: Power and Personality. New York: Bloomsbury USA. 2013. ISBN 9781620403433.  Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. America's First Families: An Inside View of 200 Years of Private Life in the White House. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2000 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780684864426. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Anthony, Carl Sferrazza. The Kennedy White House: Family Life and Pictures, 1961–1963. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780743214735. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Bauer, Stephen. At Ease in the White House: Social Life As Seen By a Presidential Military Aide. Dallas: Taylor Trade Publishing. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781589790797. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Buckland, Gail; Culbert-Aguilar, Kathleen. The White House in Miniature: Based on the White House Replica by John, Jan, and the Zweifel Family. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 1994 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780393036633. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Bush, Laura. Spoken From the Heart. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2010 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781439155202. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Frey, Raymond. The Truman Renovations of the White House: The House That Harry (Re)Built. Watson, Robert P. (编). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781423739876. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Genovese, Michael A. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency. New York: Facts On File. 2010. ISBN 9781438126388.  Harris, Bill. The White House: An Illustrated Tour. Philadelphia: Courage Books. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780762414116. （原始内容存档于2016-04-06）.  Kalb, Deborah. Housing of the Executive Branch. Nelson, Michael (编). Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: CQ Press. 2013 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 156802018X. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Klara, Robert. The Hidden White House: Harry Truman and the Reconstruction of America's Most Famous Residence. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 2013. ISBN 9781250000279.

Lanford, Tom. Edith Roosevelt and the 1902 White House Renovation. Watson, Robert P. (编). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781423739876. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Library of Congress. District of Columbia: Sesquicentennial of the Establishment of the Permanent Seat of Government. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1950.  McAuliffe, Terry; Kettmann, Steve. What a Party!. New York: Griffin. 2008 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780312377755. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  McCullough, David. Truman. New York: Simon and Schuster. 2003 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780743260299. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Monkman, Betty C. The White House: The Historic Furnishings and First Families. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. 2000. ISBN 0789206242.  Patrick, John J.; Pious, Richard M.; Ritchie, Donald A. The Oxford Guide to the United States Government. New York: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 9780195142730.  Patterson, Bradley Hawkes. The White House Staff: Inside the West Wing and Beyond. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 2001 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780815769514. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Peatross, C. Ford; Scott, Pamela; Tepfer, Diane; Freudenheim, Leslie Mandelson. Capital Drawings: Architectural Designs for Washington, D.C., from the Library of Congress. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780801872327. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Phillips-Schrock, Patrick. The White House: An Illustrated Architectural History. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company. 2013 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9780786471522. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Seale, William. The White House: The History of an American Idea. Washington, D.C.: American Institute of Architects Press. 1992. ISBN 9781558350489.  Seale, William. The White House: The History of an American Idea. Washington, D.C.: White House Historical Association. 2001. ISBN 9780912308852.

Seale, William. Introduction. Seale, William (编). The White House: Actors and Observers. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781555535476. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Smith, Jean Edward. FDR. New York: Random House. 2007. ISBN 9780812970494.  Smith, Richard Norton. The Gold in the Gilded Age. Seale, William (编). The White House: Actors and Observers. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2002 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781555535476. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Sullivan, George. How the White House Really Works. New York: Dutton. 1989. ISBN 9780525672661.  Taylor, Elizabeth Dowling. A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. ISBN 9780230108936.  Thacker-Estrada, Elizabeth Lorelei. Rooms of Their Own: First Ladies and Their Impact On Historic White House Rooms. Watson, Robert P. (编). Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 2004 [2020-03-09]. ISBN 9781423739876. （原始内容存档于2020-09-17）.  Walsh, Mike. Bowling Across America: 50 States in Rented Shoes. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2008. ISBN 9780312366193.  West, J.B.; Kotz, Mary Lynn. Upstairs at the White House: My Life With the First Ladies. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. 1973. ISBN 069810546X.  Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. Florence, Ky.: Psychology Press. 2002. ISBN 9780415939515.  White House Historical Association. The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association. 1962.  Wolff, Perry; Kennedy, Jacqueline. A Tour of the White House With Mrs. John F. Kennedy. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday. 1962.  World Book. Christmas in Washington, D.C.. Chicago: World Book. 2005. ISBN 9780716608035.

延伸阅读

• Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Report of the Commission on the Renovation of the Executive Mansion. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1952. 

• Garrett, Wendell. Our Changing White House. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 1995. ISBN 1555532225. 

• Truman, Margaret. The President's House: 1800 to the Present. New York: Ballantine. 2003. ISBN 0345444523. 

• White House Historical Association. The White House: An Historic Guide. White House Historical Association and National Geographic Association. 2001. ISBN 0912308796. 

外部链接

• 白宫历史协会 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）（英文）