皮尔士说,为了知道一个符号指涉的是什么,头脑需要对符号对象的某种体验,在给定符号或符号系统之外的体验,以及与之相伴随的体验。因此,他谈到了附随经验、附随观察、附随熟知,所有这些都使用了几乎相同的术语。[14]例如,艺术作品既可以利用观众体验的丰富性,也可以利用觀眾體驗的局限性;一位小说家在撰寫影射小说(英语:roman à clef)时,會假定一般讀者沒有親身接觸過小說中描繪的真實人物。然後,讀者以慣常的方式將符號和解釋項指向小說所(有意或無意)表現的對象。無論怎樣,對象(無論是性質、事實或規律,甚至是虛構的)都通過人們與對象的附隨經驗來決定符號指向的解釋項,附隨經驗中對象是新發現的或被回憶起來的,即使它是與符號所喚起的想像中的對象的經驗,這種情況不僅在虛構作品中會發生,在理論和數學中也會發生,這一切都可能涉及在特定的規則和約束下對對象進行心理實驗。通過附隨經驗,即使是和某個不在場對象偶然地相似的符號,也會受到該對象的決定。
^Atkin, Albert, Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri , 编, Peirce's Theory of Signs, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring 2023 (Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University), 2023 [2023-03-21], (原始内容存档于2023-06-27)
^Fisch, Max H. (1978), "Peirce's General Theory of Signs" in Sight, Sound, and Sense, ed. T. A. Sebeok. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 31–70.
^On his classifications, see Peirce, C.S. (1903), CP 1.180–202 Eprint互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-11-05. and (1906) "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in The Essential Peirce 2:372–3. For the relevant quotes, see "Philosophy" and "Logic" at Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Bergman and Paavola, editors, U. of Helsinki.
^Peirce, C.S., 1882, "Introductory Lecture on the Study of Logic" delivered September 1882, Johns Hopkins University Circulars, vol. 2, no. 19, pp. 11–12, November 1892, Google Book SearchEprint. Reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce v. 7, paragraphs 59–76, The Essential Peirce 1:214–214; Writings of Charles S. Peirce 4:378–382.
^Peirce, C.S. (1878) "The Doctrine of Chances", Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, pp. 604–615, 1878, reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 2, paragraphs 645–668, Writings of Charles S. Peirce 3:276–290, and The Essential Peirce 1:142–154. "...death makes the number of our risks, the number of our inferences, finite, and so makes their mean result uncertain. The very idea of probability and of reasoning rests on the assumption that this number is indefinitely great. .... ...logicality inexorably requires that our interests shall not be limited. .... Logic is rooted in the social principle."
^Peirce, C. S. (written 1902), "MS L75: Logic, Regarded As Semeiotic (The Carnegie application of 1902): Version 1: An Integrated Reconstruction", Joseph Ransdell, ed., Arisbe, see Memoir 12 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).
^Peirce, C.S., The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 5, paragraph 448 footnote, from "The Basis of Pragmaticism" in 1906.
^See "Quasi-Mind (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)" at the Commens Dictionary of Peirce's Terms, Mats Bergman and Sami Paavola, eds., University of Helsinki.
^Peirce, C.S. (1868), "Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man" (ArisbeEprint (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)), Journal of Speculative Philosophy vol. 2, pp. 103–114. Reprinted (Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 5, paragraphs 213–263, the quote is from paragraph 253).
^Ten quotes on collateral observation from Peirce provided by Professor Joseph Ransdell can be viewed here. Also see pp. 404–409 in "Pragmatism" by Peirce in The Essential Peirce v. 2.
^Peirce (1903 MS), "Nomenclature and Divisions of Triadic Relations, as Far as They Are Determined", under other titles in Collected Papers (CP) v. 2, paragraphs 233–72, and reprinted under the original title in Essential Peirce (EP) v. 2, pp. 289–99. Also see image of MS 339 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (August 7, 1904) supplied to peirce-l by Bernard Morand (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) of the Institut Universitaire de Technologie (France), Département Informatique.
^See Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 2, paragraphs 254–263, reprinted in Philosophical Writings of Peircepp. 115–118, and in The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 294–296.