这场争论通常被视为社会主义的支持者和资本主义的支持者之间的辩论,但实际上这场争论的重要部分在于社会主义体制如何对待对市场和货币的利用的不同意见及拿什么衡量价值规律才能在假定的社会主义经济中持续运转之间。[3]社会主义者通常对核算的单位采用一种或三种主要的定位,包括社会主义下货币继续作为核算单位的观点,工时能作为核算单位,或者社会主义能建立在用自然或者实物进行的核算上面(英语:Calculation in kind)。[4]
即使马克思和恩格斯从未阐述社会主义中会存在的具体制度或者社会主义体系中指导计划的过程,他们广泛的描绘导奠定了社会主义作为作为一个经济体系没有价值规律和积累法则(英语:law of accumulation),而主要是价值的范畴被替换成以自然或物理单位的核算,由此资源分配、生产和调配会被当作技术事务由工程师和技术专家来担当的一般概念的基础。[6]
Paul Auerbach和Dimitris Sotiropoulos批评兰格模式把社会主义的定义降低到“没有资本市场的资本主义”的形式,试图通过经济计划来复制资本主义的高效益的成就。二人提出哈耶克提供的资本主义动态的分析与马克思主义的分析更为一致,因为哈耶克把金融看作是资本主义的基本方面并且任何削弱资本市场的角色的变动(通过集体所有或者政治改革)会威胁到资本主义体系的完整性。根据Auerbach和Sotiropoulos,哈耶克对社会主义给予了意想不到的肯定,因为社会主义比兰格表面上防范的“社会主义”更为复杂。[16]
David McMullen指出生产资料社会所有制和市场的缺乏对他们来说是和分散的定价体系完全相容的。在后资本主义社会,企业之间的交易会产生管理人之间的社会性质的传送而不是所有者之间的交易。个人会出于从工作和需求中的满足以贡献好的经济成果而不是物质奖励。出价和卖价将以降低成本和为私人和集体消费预计的最终需求引导的产出为目标。企业和新兴公司会从项目评估机构接受他们的投资资金。人类行为中的需求变化会让好几代人受益并将克服相当大的阻力。然而,McMullen相信经济和文化的发展会日益推动这一转变。[17][18]
James Yunker指出生产资料公有制可以在现代资本主义中通过股东体系从所有者手中分摊管理以私有制相同的方式获得。Yunker假设社会所有制可以通过拥有公共团体获得,设立公有制机构,拥有上市公司的股份而不影响基于市场的资本投入的分配。Yunker称这一模式为“实用市场社会主义”并指出这至少和现代的资本主义一样有效益,同时像大型和已建立企业的公有制那样提供优越的社会成果会带来效益惠及所有人而不是把很大一部分给一班继任的收租者。[19]
^Levy, David M. and Sandra J. Peart. "socialist calculation debate." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Second Edition. Eds.
Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online. Palgrave Macmillan. 2 February 2013 <http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000535 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)>
doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1570
^A Companion to the History of Economic Thought, Wiley-Blackwell by Biddle, Jeff and Samuels, Warren and Davis, John. 2006. (p. 319): "What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism."
^Economic Calculation under Socialism: The Austrian Contribution, by Vaughn, Karen. 2004. Economic Inquiry, vol. 18, issue 4, p. 537, 1980: Although it is conventional to treat the economic calculation controversy as a debate between those who favored socialism and those who opposed it, this is not descriptive of the actual course of events...by that time, the real debate, in so far as one took place in the journals, was among the socialists themselves..."
^The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning, Ellman, Michael. (p. 17): "Marx devoted most of his life to the analysis of capitalism and was notoriously opposed to attempts to design utopias. Nevertheless, from his scattered observations about socialism, and from those of his close comrade Engels, his followers drew the idea that in a socialist economy the market mechanism would be replaced by economic planning...Similarly, the superiority of planning, which would enable society as a whole to coordinate production ex ante, became a widespread view in the international Marxist movement."
^Bockman, Johanna. Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing origins of Neoliberalism. 斯坦福大学出版社. 2011: 20. ISBN 978-0-8047-7566-3. According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories - such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent - and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.
^Calculation in-Natura, from Neurath to Kantorovich, Cockshott, Paul. (p. 12): ""
^Karl Kautsky. The Economic Revolution. The Labour Revolution. Ruskin House, 40 Museum Street, W.C.1. 1924 [3 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-17).
^Economic calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth, 1920
^Calculation in-Natura, from Neurath to Kantorovich, Cockshott, Paul. (p. 9): "Mises was initially debating against Otto Neurath. In an article dated 1919 Neurath had argued that a socialist economy would be able to operate calculations in-natura rather than by means of money."
^Is socialism really "impossible"?, by Caplan, Bryan. 2004. Critical Review, vol. 16, pp. 33-52, January 2004.
^Revisiting the Socialist Calculation Debate: The role of markets and finance in Hayek's response to Lange's challenge, by Auerbach, Paul and Sotiropoulos, Dimitris. 2012. Kingston University London, Economics Discussion Paper 2012-6, pp. 1-2: "Lange took up the challenge of Mises’ claim of the impossibility of constructing a socialist economy. He readily acceded to the need for efficiency calculations to be made in value terms rather than using purely natural or engineering criteria, but claimed that these values could emerge along lines consistent with neoclassical value theory, without the need for a market in capital goods and without private ownership over the means of production. Lange drew heavily upon the dominant neoclassical tradition to defend socialism"
^Revisiting the Socialist Calculation Debate: The role of markets and finance in Hayek's response to Lange's challenge, by Auerbach, Paul and Sotiropoulos, Dimitris. 2012. Kingston University London, Economics Discussion Paper 2012-6, pp. 2-3: "Hayek implicitly realized the danger of undermining functional capitalist behaviour and therefore the nature of capitalist relations. If we see economic behaviour in capitalism as the outcome of capitalist social relations of power, then Hayek’s perspective renders capital markets as a central arena in the organization of capitalism as a system of exploitation. He also perceives every movement towards collective ownership of the means of production as a real threat to the reproduction of the logic of capitalism. In this sense, he implicitly ends up giving an unexpected endorsement to socialism that is much deeper and sophisticated than the superficial ‘defence’ of Lange."
^David McMullen. The Economic Case for Social Ownership(PDF). Working Paper no. 1. Post-Capitalism Project, April 2014. 2014 [2014-10-09]. (原始内容存档(PDF)于2014-04-26).
^Palda, Filip (2013) The Apprentice Economist: Seven Steps to Mastery. Cooper-Wolfling Press, ISBN 978-0-9877880-4-7
^Stiglitz, Joseph. Whither Socialism?. The MIT Press. January 1996. ISBN 978-0262691826. .
^Nove, Alec. The Economics of Feasible Socialism, Revisited. Routledge. 1991: 216. ISBN 978-0043350492. The point of all this is to stress that a perfect ‘socialist’ capital market is just as unimaginable as ‘rational’ investment under assumptions of neo-classical perfection.
Boettke, Peter (2000). Socialism and the Market: The Socialist Calculation Debate Revisited. Routledge Library of 20th Century Economics. 978-0415195867.
von Mises, Ludwig (1951). "Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis". New Haven, Yale University Press, Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN0-913966-62-2. PDF version (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆).