Khayamiya

Khayamiya ( Egyptian Arabic khayyāmiyah ) luhlobo lwendwangu yokuhlobisa i-appliqué yendwangu ngokomlando esetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa amatende ngaphesheya kweMpumalanga Ephakathi.Manje ngokuyinhloko eyenziwe Cairo, Egypt, kanye lokho njengoba UMgwaqo amatende (Shari'a al-Khayamiyya, noma ezaziwa Suq al-Khayamiyya) enkabeni Qasaba ka Radwan Bey, emakethe mlando ezimboziwe eyakhelwe ekhulwini le-17 ikhulu leminyaka.Umgwaqo utholakala ngokushesha eningizimu yeBab Zuweila, futhi utholakala eceleni komlando wezomnotho waseCairo (ingxenye esenyakatho neBab Zuweila yaziwa namuhla ngokuthi umgwaqo u-al-Mu'izz ).

Incazelo

I-Khayamiya yenziwa kahle futhi inemibala egqamile efakwe ngaphakathi kwamatende, isebenza umsebenzi okabili wokukhosela nokuhlobisa.Zifana nezinsika, futhi zinezingqimba ezintathu ezijwayelekile zama-quilts - "umqolo" osindayo, isizinda "phezulu", nokufakwa okuningiliziwe ngaphezulu kwe- "phezulu".Ngokusebenza, bangaqhathaniswa namakhethini, yize izindima zabo zakamuva sezihlukanisiwe ukubhekela izinjongo zokuvakasha.Lokhu manje sekubandakanya amakhava amakhushini, imfashini, izikhwama, okokulala nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.

Umklamo

Khayamiya sici ngesandla babehlanganisa ukotini appliqué phezu esindayo ukotini emuva.Lo mgogqo wenzelwe ukuvikela nokuqina esimweni sezulu esishisayo, esomile, futhi esinothuli.Ukuthungwa kwesandla kwenziwa ngokushesha ngabenzi bamatende abanekhono ngenkathi behleli belengise imilenze, besebenzisa izinaliti nentambo.Izingcezu ezincane zendwangu zisikwa ngosayizi njengoba kudingeka ngokusebenzisa isikele esikhulu.IKhayamiya imvamisa iqedwa ngumenzi wetende elilodwa kungakhathalekile ukuthi ungakanani ubukhulu bento leyo.Lezi zingasuka kwizembozo eziyisisekelo zomcamelo ziye ezilingweni eziyindida zodonga oluphelele amamitha amaningana ngaphesheya.Amaphrojekthi amakhulu kamuva angathatha izinyanga ezimbalwa ukuqeda.Abenzi bamatende bavikela kakhulu ubuhlakani babo, njengoba imiklamo emisha ephumelelayo ivame ukukopishwa ngomakhelwane babo abancintisanayo.

Ama-design motifs adumile afaka amaphethini we-arabesque wejometri kanye ne-curvilinear asuselwa emihlobisweni yamaSulumane, kanye nezigcawu eziphefumulelwe ubuciko be-Pharaonic, ikakhulukazi i- papyrus ne- lotus motifs.WaseGibhithe izifundo folkloric ezifana Goha, abaculi Nubian, kanye dervishes yelangabi athandwa siKotilandi eziyizikhumbuzo, njengoba ukuboniswa eliqoshiwe zezinhlanzi nezinyoni.Amaphethini we-Calligraphic, asuselwa emibhalweni evela ku- Qur'an, avame ukwenziwa abe yizinto nezilwane.Amapaneli e-Khedival enziwe ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili ngokuvamile afaka amabhlogo amakhulu we-appliqué kanye nokuthungwa okubanzi, yize i-khayamiya yezokuvakasha neyesikhathi samanje inezandla ezinhle nezicace bha.

Amagama

Isipelingi esifanele sise-Arabhu, kepha ukulinganiselwa kwesiNgisi kwaleli gama khiamiah , khiyamiya , khiamiyya , khyamiyya , kheyyemiah , kheyameya , kanye ne- khayyāmia . Igama lesi-Arabhu khayma ( خيمة ), okusho ukuthi "itende", lixhunyaniswe ne-Persian khayyām ( خیام ), okusho ukuthi "umenzi wamatende". Izincazelo ezihlukile ezidumile esiNgisini zifaka phakathi "umsebenzi wabenzi bamatende baseCairo", "appmaker appliqué" noma umane uthi "appliqué waseGibhithe".UMedhat Adel Emam uxoxe ngemvelaphi yaleli gama njengoba kusebenza kuma-Arabhu aseGibhithe ngokusobala anethonya laseTurkey.Ama- "pavilions" amakhulu ahlotshisiwe ekhayamiya aziwa njenge- suradeq.

Umlando khayamiya

Izinhlobo zomlando wekhayamiya azivamile.Ekuqaleni zazenziwe zabekwa ngaphandle lapho kushisa khona futhi kwashunqa uthuli, futhi zazithathwa njengezishintshwayo - yingakho zingabizi kakhulu ukuqoqwa noma ukulondolozwa. Izibonelo zeKhedival zibanjwa ekuqoqweni kweminyuziyamu eminingana, kufaka phakathi iBritish Museum.Kukhona nezinkomba zekhayamiya kumarekhodi ezithombe nemidwebo yase-European orientalist kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nangaphambili.Izikhombo zemibhalo ngokusetshenziswa kwazo, kufaka phakathi imifanekiso, zingabonakala emibhalweni yesandla yangenkathi ephakathi.Kunobufakazi bemivubukulo obusikisela ukuthi izindwangu ezifana ne-khayamiya zakhiwe futhi zasetshenziswa eGibhithe kusukela esikhathini sobuFaro.

Naphezu kwefa labo eliyingqophamlando, umsebenzi wokwenza amatende usengozini manje.Lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yokuncintisana okuvela kwizindwangu ezithunyelwe ngobuningi ezingenisiwe ezinamaphethini afanayo okuhlobisa.Lawa mashidi aphrintiwe manje asetshenziswa kabanzi kulo lonke elaseGibhithe njengezikrini zesikhashana zemicimbi ekhethekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi seRamadan, imikhosi, imishado, nemingcwabo, esikhundleni sekhayamiya eyenziwe ngezandla yokuqala. Iningi lekhayamiya elenziwe eminyakeni yamuva lithengiswa kubavakashi abavakashela eGibhithe.Ngawo-2000, imibukiso yokuqala yamazwe omhlaba yekhayamiya yaseGibhithe yabanjelwa e-Australia, e-UK, eFrance nase-USA.Lezi zikhethwe nguJenny Bowker, umenzi we-quiltm wase-Australia kanye nothisha.

Khayamiya kubuciko besimanje

Umdwebi waseGibhithe uMoataz Nasr ufaka izici eziphefumulelwe nge-khayamiya kwimidwebo yakhe yezindaba exubile yesimanjemanje.Ukufaka kukaSusan Hefuna "Ngiyayithanda iGibhithe!" (okuvezwe kwi-18th Biennale yaseSydney ngo-2012) kusebenza neKhayamiya ngaphakathi komongo wobuciko besimanje bokufaka.Kusuka ngo-2009, umculi waseGibhithe uHani el-Masri wasebenzisana nabakhi bamatende ukukhiqiza ukutolika kobusuku obuyinkulungwane nobunye.Umdwebi wase-Algeria u- Rachid Koraïchi ubuye wasebenzisana namaTentmaker aseCairo ukudala amabhanela amakhulu we-calligraphic, njengochungechunge lwakhe lwe- Invisible Masters.Njengoba uKoraïchi asho ngo-2011:

"Uma sikhuluma ngesiko lobuciko lamaSulumane, asikhulumi ngobuciko bekhulu le-19 obenzeka estudiyo somculi nasendlini. Lapha sikhuluma ngezinto eziphuma empilweni yansuku zonke. . . Akuwona umhlaba lapho umculi ehlala ngokuhlukana khona. "

Isiko lengcweti - lisekhona, kepha linyamalale kancane emigwaqweni yase-Koraichi yase-Algeria kanye nasemazweni aseMaghreb - linikeza ukuqonda ukuthi ubuciko bungadonswa kanjani ngqo ezweni losuku nosuku, kepha kukhuliswe ukunikezelwa kobuciko."Uma ubheka izisekelo zobuciko basentshonalanga," kuqhubeka uKoraichi, "kwakususelwa kusiko lonke lobuciko elingena emasontweni; izimbiza ezenziwe ngabenzi bensimbi nemabula.Kufana ncamashi namaSulumane, ngokuthi akhiwa yilabo ababengasebenza ngamatshe nangokuluka. Le yimithombo esingayibona ngokusobala kepha umbuzo esinawo ukuthi ungathatha kanjani lawo masiko anyamalalayo siwenze abekhona futhi esikhathini esiphilayo. "

Imephu eya ku-Street of the Tentmakers

Lesi sixhumanisi sizokuqondisa ku-Google Map echaza indawo yoMgwaqo Wamatende, maqondana nezimpawu ezaziwayo zabavakashi zeKhan el-Khalili.Umgwaqo iTentmaker's Street awaziwa ngezinkinga ezidayiswa kanzima ezihambisana nezitolo zokuvakasha eKhan el-Khalili.

Izitayela

Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zeKhayamiya: iKhedival, iTouristic, Street, neContemporary.

IKhedival khayamiya yenziwa phakathi kuka-1867 no-1914. Lawa ngokuvamile ngamapaneli amakhulu asetshenzisiwe ku-indigo, abomvu, futhi amhlophe ngendwangu ye-beige, imvamisa enemivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka mpo kudoti uqobo.
I- khayamiya yezokuvakasha yenziwa kusukela ngawo-1890s kuze kube namuhla, futhi yathandwa kakhulu ngemuva kokutholwa kwethuna likaTutankhamun ngo-1922. Lokhu kuvame ukuba kuncane, futhi kungukusebenzisa okungokomfanekiso, imvamisa okuqukethe imidwebo evela eGibhithe lasendulo noma ngaleso sikhathi okwakuyizigcawu zesikhathi samanje sempilo yaseGibhithe, ikakhulukazi izigcawu ze-folkloric. Ngokuvamile zazithengwa ngabavakashi bamazwe aphesheya abaya eGibhithe njengezikhumbuzo ezithandwayo zaseGibhithe.
I-Street khayamiya ifaka phakathi amaphaneli enzelwe ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle eGibhithe, njengama-suradeq pavilions noma okwasemuva kwemicimbi yomphakathi. Lezi yizindwangu ezinkulu "zokwakha". Ngekhulu lama-20 ubukhulu obuphakathi bephaneli kwakungu-Amapaneli amaningi ayeboshelwa ndawonye esakhiweni sokhuni ukuze akhe itende lendwangu.
I-Contemporary khayamiya ngamaphaneli we-appliqué enzelwe ukusetshenziswa endlini.

I-Contemporary khaymiya ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezingaphansi ezilandelayo:

I-Arabesque khayamiya, equkethe amaphethini ahlangene ahlangene. Lolu hlobo lukhonya lolu hlobo lobuciko lwesimanje.
Khayamiya folkloric, ezifana ezinganekwaneni Goha .
I-Orientalist khayamiya, njengezigcawu zomgwaqo ezisuselwa emaphepheni kaDavid Roberts, noma okufana kwawo uqobo okukhona eCairo.
Inyoni khayamiya, evame ukuhlotshaniswa nomuthi wokuphila, Insimu yase-Edene, noma umdwebo wamathuna kaFaro
Abaculi bedlala izinsimbi zomdabu zaseGibhithe noma zaseNubian nemidanso.
I-Calligraphy imvamisa isuselwa ku-Qur'an.
Pharaonic imiklamo esekelwe emibhalweni-papyrus ezisukela enkulungwaneni Book of the Dead nezinye art baseGibhithe lasendulo.
Kuthunyelwe kufaka izingcezu ezihlukile ezenziwe ngesicelo sabaculi, abaklami, abaphathi, nabashicileli.
Amapaneli we-Neo-Khedival akhuthazwe ukusetshenziswa komlando kwesikhathi seKhedival (1867-1914). Lokhu kuqale ukuvela ngemuva kuka-2014, kulandela ukushicilelwa kukaKhedival khayamiya kumajenali endwangu.

Igalari

Umgwaqo Wamatende eCairo njengoba ubonwe ngo-1907 nguWalter SS Tyrwhitt
Amatende omkhosi (kaMaulid Ahmadi) eCairo afaka ikhayamiya, njengoba kuvezwe nguReginald Barratt ngo-1907
Isithombe sokungena emgwaqweni eCairo nguDelort Gléon kusuka ngo-1889, okukhombisa ukusetshenziswa kwekhayamiya njengomhlobiso womgwaqo
Isibonelo sendabuko sikaKhedival khayamiya, cishe ngo-1880-1900
Ama-scouts aseGibhithe akhulisa itende elihlotshisiwe lekhayamiya e-4th World Scout Jamboree eBudapest, eHungary ngo-1933
I-khayamiya yezokuvakasha: Abashayeli bezikebhe baseGibhithe cishe ngo-1910–1925
I-khayamiya yaseGibhithe: idizayini ejwayelekile "yephaneli yomgwaqo" ngabenzi bamatende baseCairo, cishe ngo-1970-2000