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  • Ashkash
  • Ashˈkash
Shahnameh Men
NameAshkash
Nicknameof seven heroes
BannerLeopard
Other Information
Well knownGeneral of Kuch and Baloch Army
Attendance atDavazdah Rokh, Makran and Turan Battles
WarsDavazdah Rokh War
Great Kay Khosrow War
Family members
FatherFarhadan
NationalityIran

Ashkash (Persian: اشکَش [Ashˈkash], Balochi: آسکَشّ), also known as Askas or Arsakes, is a major figure in the epic poem Shahnameh.[citation needed] He is introduced by Ferdowsi as the general of Kay Khosrow's army.[1][2]

He is depicted as an Iranian hero from the Kayanian dynasty, tasked by Kay Khosrow to govern Makran. As a commander, Ashkash played led the army during Kay Khosrow's campaign against Turan to avenge the death of Siyavash.[3]

Origins

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Ashkash led a group called Fereydounid, who were among the heroes of Kay Khosrow. He may have been among the princes of the Parthian era, each of whom had their own army and banner, but who were obedient to the king.[4]

There have been several other mentions of the name Ashkash from the region. In the Mojmal al-Tawarikh (p. 91), Ashkash, son of Kay Kawad is mentioned as one of the 1200 generals of Kay Khosrow. Al-Tabari and Al-Biruni cite Ashkan ibn Ash in his mention of the Parthian kings.[2]

Narrative

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Ashkash was one of the seven Iranian men who went to Turan with the mythological heroRostam to free Bizhan, and was present in many battles. In Khwarazm, he forced Shideh to flee and was appointed as the ruler of Makran by the order of Kay Khosrow.[1][5]

Bizhan's rescue from the Turan dungeon

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One of his most important roles is in the story of Bizhan and Manizhe, where Gorgin becomes envious of Bizhan's bravery and seduces him to go to Turan. There, Bizhan finds Manizhe and they fell in love. But Afrasiyab arrests Bizhan and imprisons him. Kay Khosrow gave the order to release Bizhan with special powers to Rostam and Ashkash[6]

This is depicted in the mythological part of the Shahnameh, a prose work written in Middle Persian.

"To lead the host Ruhham, Farhad, two men of valour
and Ashkash, that lion-hero"[7]

Ashkash, the general of the Kuch and Baloch

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Ashkash is introduced in several verses in the Shahnameh as the commander of the Kuch and Baloch armies.[2][8] The army led a campaign against Turan, which to avenge the death of Siyavash.[9][10][11]

This is depicted in the mythological part of the Shahnamah, a prose work written in Middle Persian.

"Next after Gostaham came shrewd Aškash
endowed with prudent heart and ready brain
An army of warriors of the kuch and Baloch
Scheming war like the fighting-ram
No one in the world has seen (them turn) their backs
No one has seen (as much as) one of their fingers unarmed"[12][13]

According to the Shahnameh, the army of Kuch and Baloch armored from head to foot, and they had the banner with the figure of leopard.[11][14][13][2]

History

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In Kay Khosrow's war with the Turanians, Ashkash was the commander and leader of an army. Later, Ashkash was the leader of the army in the Persian campaign against Turan under the command of Fariburz. When Rostam set out for Turan to rescue Bizhan, Ashkash was one of the seven men who accompanied Rostam. Afterward, Ashkash was the general of the army, and he fought with Garsivaz. He was present at Kay Khosrow's consultation to confront Afrasiab. While at the consultation, Kay Khosrow assigned him to fight against Shideh in Khwarazm with 30,000 spearmen. After he defeated Shideh in Khwarazm, Kay Khosrow sent him to Zam to prevent Afrasiab from attacking the rear of the Iranian army. Ashkash was also with Kaykhosrow in the Battle of Makran. There, Kay Khosrow appointed him the governor of Makran.[15]

See also

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English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

References

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  1. ^ a b van Zutphen, Elisabeth Zutphen, Marjolijn, Marjolijn (2014). Farāmarz, the Sistāni Hero Texts and Traditions of the Farāmarznāme and the Persian Epic Cycle. Brill. p. 421,419. ISBN 9789004268289.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d "AŠKAŠ". Encyclopædia Iranica.
  3. ^ Bashiri, Iraj (1994). Firdowsi's Shahname 1000 Years After. Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan. p. 143 & 38.
  4. ^ Cooverjee, Jehangir (1939). Studies in Shāhnāmeh. D. B. Taraporevala sons. p. 166.
  5. ^ Warner, Warner, Arthur George , Edmond (2013). The Shahnama of Firdausi Volume IV. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 9781136395895.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Melville, Charles (2024). Shahnama Studies I. Brill. p. 88 & 93. ISBN 9789004492554.
  7. ^ Warner, Warner, Arthur George , Edmond (1908). The Sháhnáma of Firdausí Volume 3. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company Limited. p. 334.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Carina،Korn, Jahani،Korn (2003). The Baloch and Their Neighbours. Reichert. pp. 49, 314–317, 248, 260. ISBN 9783895003660.
  9. ^ Dashti, Naseer (2012). The Baloch and Balochistan. Trafford Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 9781466958968.
  10. ^ Ibbetson، Maclagan, Sir Denzil (1990). Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Asian Educational Services. pp. 41–42. ISBN 9788120605053.
  11. ^ a b Badalkhan, Sabir (2013). Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore. Balochistan Monograph Series, V. Naples, Italy: Universita degli studi di Napoli. ISBN 978-88-6719-060-7.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference : The Baloch and Their Neighbours was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ a b Ferdowsi (2006). Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings. Translated by Dick Davis. New York: Viking. ISBN 0670034851.
  14. ^ Dames, Mansel Longworth (1904). The Baloch race. A historical and ethnological sketch. London, Royal Asiatic society. p. 27.
  15. ^ "اشکش" [Ashkash]. Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia فارسی (in Persian). Retrieved 26 December 2024.