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Bandua

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Bandue (previously recorded as Bandua) was a theonym used to refer to a god or goddess worshipped in Iberia by Callaeci and Lusitanians. Whether the name referred to a discrete deity or was an epithet applied to different deities is arguable.

Name

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This deity is variously attested as Bandi, Bandei, Bandu, Bandue, Banduae, Bandiae.[1] The name is generally attested in the indigenous Galaico-Lusitanian inflection. Old scholarship usually recorded this theonym as Bandua due to misunderstanding by mistakenly considering that the theonym was recorded in Latin inflection.

Epigraphy

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The deity's name is found, in epigraphy, with a series of epithets,[2] totalling, as of 2025, 47 attestations (including its alternative spellings).[3] Some of the epithets include:[4]

  • Bandei Brialeacui (Beira Baixa);[5]
  • Bandi Oilienaeco (Beira Alta);[5]
  • Bandi [L?]ongobricus (Longroiva);[6]
  • Bandua(e) Lansbricae (Orense);[6]
  • Bandi Roudaecus (Trujillo);[6]
  • Bandua Roudeaco (Madroñera);[6]
  • Deo Ban[du] (Catoira, Pontevedra);[7]
  • Bandue Ae[t]obrigo (Sarreaus, Ourense);[7]
  • Bandue Bolecco (Palas de Rei, Lugo);[7]
  • Bandue Veigebreago (Xinzo de Limia, Ourense);[7]
  • Bandue (Ve/Ni)rubrico (Laza, Ourense);[7]
  • Bandue Vorteaeco and variations, totalling 10 inscriptions.[8]

In Rairiz de Veiga, Bandua is acknowledged as a god of the Vexillum and partner of Mars:

DEO VEXILOR[UM] MARTIS SOCIO BANDUAE[9][10]

At Espinhosela, the name Bandua alone is found. At Codosedo, Alenquer and Xinzo de Limia however, the name Bandua is qualified by the epithet Aetobrico(m). At Cáceres, Bandua is qualified by Araugelensis, at Curbián by Bolleco(m), at Miguel o Anjo by Brico(m), at Mixo(m) by Calaigus, at La Mezquitilla by Itobrico(m), at Eiras by Lanobrica, at Rairiz de Veiga by Veigebreaeco(m), at Arcuelos by Verubrigo(m), at Seisco de Anciães by Vordeaeco(m) and at S. Martinho by Vorteaecio(m).[2]

Extent of worship

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The theonym Bandua has been found recorded in Portugal and Galicia. Along with Cosus, Nabia and Reo, Bandua is one of the best documented deities in large areas of western and north-western Iberia.[11] Bandua is attested mostly in Ourense (six epigraphies from the Province of Ourense)[12] and in Cáceres, indicating it was worshipped beyond Lusitania and in the western portion of Hispania.[1]

It has been proposed that the worship of Bandua spread from the north (Callaecia and Asturia) into the south (Lusitania), along with that of Cosus and Nabia,[13][14] so contrasting with the worship of Reo that would have extended in the opposite direction.

According to scholars Jürgen Untermann and Blanca María Prósper, the form Bandue, and the form Bandua or Banduae, predominate in the Galician territory north of the Douro River, while the Bandi ~ Bande form is more common in the Lusitanian area to the south.[15][16]

Professor Olivares Pedreño argues that, in relation to the attestation of epithets Roudeaco/Roudaecus, the name pertains to a place named uicus Rouda, and their discovery in different locations suggests a migration or population displacement.[17]

Interpretations

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Possible water deity

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Bandua has been associated with water[18] in order to explain the hydronym Banduje, in Portugal, or the toponym Banhos de Bande (a thermal spot whose medieval name, Vanate, is unrelated)[19] and the proposed[18] relationship of the name with fords.

Polish linguist Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak also sees some possible cognate relationship between Lusitanian Bandua and Illyrian god Bindus, a deity of water sources also equated to Roman Neptune.[20]

Possible protective deity

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Their epithets seem to allude more to dwelling places, at least those containing the element -briga or -bris, "fortress": Lanobrigae, Aetobrigo, than to the worshipping communities themselves.[21][22][23] In the same vein, Olivares Pedreño, while calling Bandua a male deity, noted that their name is attested with place names (e.g., Etobrico, Brialeacui, Isibraiegui, Longobricu, Veigebreaego, Lansbricae), which seems to indicate its relation to ancient vici and castelle - locations distant from romanized population centers.[24] In a later article by Olivares Pedreño, this association seems to highlight their connection with local indigenous communities, as their protector.[25]

Divine pair

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The "location theory" has been criticized by de Bernardo Stempel,[26] who interprets what have traditionally been considered singular thematic datives of male attributes as plural genitive forms referring to groups of people (B'andue Aetobrico(m), Cadogo(m), Roudeaeco(m), Veigebreaego(m)). She also states that they depend on a theonym, Bandua, which would be feminine as a consequence of the above, and which was probably created later than its masculine counterpart. Thus, we would have a pair of deities, Bandus (male) and Bandua (female), comparable to other Celtic pairs like Bormanos & Bormana, Belisama & Belisamaros, Camulos & Camuloriga and Arentius & Arentia.

Other interpretations

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In a 2000 article, María Prósper offered another etymology: a reconstructed stem *bandu- would account for variations Bandue, Bandi and Bandei, ultimately deriving from Proto-Indo-European *gʷem-tu-. Thus, she argued, they are a deity of passageways, akin to Roman Ianus.[27]

Legacy

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Researcher Ladislao Castro Pérez proposed that St. Torquatus, one of the Seven Apostolic Men responsible for the introduction of Christianity to Hispania, whose relics are kept in Santa Comba de Bande (Ourense), may be a Christian version of Bandua.[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Blázquez Martinez, José María (2010). "Nuevos teónimos hispanos. Addenda y Corrigenda VI". 'Ilu. Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones. 15: 57–90 [68]. ISSN 1135-4712.
  2. ^ a b Inventaire des divnités celtiques de l’Antiquité, L’Arbre Celtique
  3. ^ Ruiz, José María Vallejo; González-Rodríguez, M.ª Cruz (2025). "De dioses y hombres: teónimos, grupos humanos y topónimos en el occidente hispano romano" [About Gods and Men: Theonyms, Human Groups and Place Names in the Roman Hispanic West]. Palaeohispanica (in Spanish). 25: Actas del XV Coloquio de Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas: 581–600 [583]. doi:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v25i1.701.
  4. ^ Blázquez Martinez, José María (2010). "Nuevos teónimos hispanos. Addenda y Corrigenda VI". 'Ilu. Revista de Ciencias de las Religiones. 15: 57–90 [61–62]. ISSN 1135-4712.
  5. ^ a b Anderson, James M. (1985). "Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula". Revue des Études Anciennes. 87 (3–4): 321. doi:10.3406/rea.1985.4212..
  6. ^ a b c d Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (2003). "Reflexiones sobre las ofrendas votivas a dioses indígenas en Hispania: ámbitos de culto y movimiento de población". Veleia. 20 (20): 302. doi:10.1387/veleia.5399..
  7. ^ a b c d e González Rodríguez, María Cruz (2021). "Nombres de divinidades locales en el noroeste español: revisitando a Mª Lourdes Albertos". Veleia. 38 (38): 187–189. doi:10.1387/veleia.22048. hdl:10810/52405..
  8. ^ Ruiz, José María Vallejo; González-Rodríguez, M.ª Cruz (2025). "De dioses y hombres: teónimos, grupos humanos y topónimos en el occidente hispano romano" [About Gods and Men: Theonyms, Human Groups and Place Names in the Roman Hispanic West]. Palaeohispanica (in Spanish). 25: Actas del XV Coloquio de Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas: 581–600 [584]. doi:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v25i1.701.
  9. ^ Eduardo Peralta Labrador (2003). Los cántabros antes de Roma. Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 9788489512597.
  10. ^ CIL II, *00215.
  11. ^ Nicols, John (1987). "Indigenous Culture and the Process of Romanization in Iberian Galicia". The American Journal of Philology. 108 (1): 147. doi:10.2307/294918. JSTOR 294918..
  12. ^ Nicols, John (1987). "Indigenous Culture and the Process of Romanization in Iberian Galicia". The American Journal of Philology. 108 (1): 147. doi:10.2307/294918. JSTOR 294918.
  13. ^ Prósper, Blanca María (2002). Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica (1. ed.). Salamanca: Ed. Univ. de Salamanca. pp. 440–441. ISBN 8478008187.
  14. ^ Prósper, Blanca M. (2000:440-441). ‘Ein Beitrag zur Vergöttlichung der Flüsse in der Antike: Arentia, Arantia. Beiträge zur Namenforschung.’ Neue Folge 35: 41-65. 2002 Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del Occidente de la Península Ibérica. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
  15. ^ Untermann, Jürgen, n.d. ‘Los teónimos del noroeste peninsular y la gramática de las lenguas indígenas de esta región.’ In II Colóquio Internacional de Epigrafia: Divinidades indigenas e interpretatio romana, Sintra, 16-18 março de 1995.
  16. ^ Prósper, Blanca María (2000). "La divinidad galaico-lusitana BANDVE/BANDI y los dioses del pasaje del indoeuropeo occidental". AION: Annali del Istituto Orientale di Napoli. 20: 266..
  17. ^ Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (2003). "Reflexiones sobre las ofrendas votivas a dioses indígenas en Hispania: ámbitos de culto y movimiento de población". Veleia. 20 (20): 302, 306, 309. doi:10.1387/veleia.5399..
  18. ^ a b Prósper, Blanca M. (2000:272). ‘Ein Beitrag zur Vergöttlichung der Flüsse in der Antike: Arentia, Arantia. Beiträge zur Namenforschung.’ Neue Folge 35: 41-65. 2002. Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del Occidente de la Península Ibérica. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
  19. ^ Veiga Arias, Amable (1983). Algunas calas en los orígenes del gallego. Vigo: Galaxia. p. 262. ISBN 9788471544230.
  20. ^ Witczak, K. T. (2006). "Two Phonological Curiosities of the Thracian Language". In: Linguistique Balkanique 45(3), p. 491.
  21. ^ Pedrero Sancho, Rosa (1999). ‘Aproximación lingüística al teónimo lusitano-gallego Bandue/Bandi.’ In: Francisco Villar and F. Beltrán (eds), Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras de la Hispania prerromana, pp. 535-543. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
  22. ^ Pedrero Sancho, Rosa (2001). ‘Los epítetos del teónimo lusitano-gallego Bandue/Bandi.’ In Francisco Villar and M.P. Fernández Álvarez (eds), Actas del VII Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas paleohispánicas, pp. 541-560. Zaragoza-Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca.
  23. ^ de Hoz Bravo, Javier, and F. Fernández Palacios (2002). ‘Band-’ In Luis Raposo (ed.), Religiôes da Lusitânia. Loquuntur saxa, pp. 45-52. Lisboa: Museu Nacional de Arqueología.
  24. ^ Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (1999). "Dioses indígenas Vinculados a Núcleos De población En La Hispania Romana". Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia Antigua (12 (enero)): 327–330, 334, 343. doi:10.5944/etfii.12.1999.4360. hdl:10045/131609..
  25. ^ Pedreño, Juan Carlos Olivares (11 November 2005). "Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula". E-Keltoi. 6. Guimarães, Portugal: E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: 636, 638. ISSN 1540-4889.
  26. ^ Bernardo Stempel, Patricia de (2003). ‘Los formularios teonímicos, Bandus con su pareja Bandua y unas isoglosas célticas.’ Conimbriga 42: 197-212.
  27. ^ Prósper, Blanca María (2000). "La divinidad galaico-lusitana BANDVE/BANDI y los dioses del pasaje del indoeuropeo occidental". AION: Annali del Istituto Orientale di Napoli. 20: 270–275..
  28. ^ Castro Pérez, Ladislao (1992). Los torques de los dioses y de los hombres. A Coruña: Ayuntamiento de La Coruña.[page needed]

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Muñoz Llamosas, Virginia (2005). "La "interpretatio" romana del dios prerromano "Bandue"". Veleia: Revista de prehistoria, historia antigua, arqueología y filología clásicas. 22: 145–152. doi:10.1387/veleia.3258. ISSN 0213-2095..
  • Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos (1997). "El dios indígena Bandua y el rito del toro de San Marcos". Complutum. 8: 205–222. ISSN 1131-6993..
  • Mezo, Francisco Javier Burgaleta. "Bandua, diosa o dios, y los ritos del toro de San Marcos". In: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie II, Historia antigua, Nº 19-20, 2006-2007, pp. 381–397. ISSN 1130-1082.
  • Sancho, Rosa María Pedrero. "Aproximación lingüística al teónimo lusitano-gallego Bandue/Bandi". In: Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania prerromana: actas del VII Coloquio sobre Lenguas y Culturas Paleohispánicas. (Zaragoza, 12 a 15 de marzo de 1997). Francisco Villar Liébana (ed. lit.), Francisco Beltrán Lloris (ed. lit.). 1997. pp. 535–544. ISBN 84-7800-094-1.
  • Sancho, Rosa María Pedrero. "Sobre la etimología de los términos: el caso del dios galaicolusitano Bandi/Bandue". In: Tes philies tade dora: miscelánea léxica en memoria de Conchita Serrano. Concepción Serrano Aybar (hom.). 1999. pp. 417–426. ISBN 84-00-07974-4.
  • Sancho, Rosa María Pedrero. "Los epítetos del teónimo occidental Bandue/i". In: Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania. Coord. por Francisco Villar Liébana, María Pilar Fernández Alvárez. 2001. pp. 541–560. ISBN 84-7800-893-4.