Casey Means

Casey Means
Means in 2024
Surgeon General of the United States
Former Nominee
Assuming office
President	Donald Trump
Succeeding	Denise Hinton (acting)
Personal details
Born	Paula Casey Means (1987-09-24) September 24, 1987 (age 38)
Relatives	Calley Means (brother)
Education	Stanford University (BS, MD)

Casey Means (born September 24, 1987) is an American medical doctor, entrepreneur, and author. After graduating from the Stanford Medicine in 2014, she proceeded with an ENT surgical residency at Oregon Health and Science University, but dropped from the program near to the 5-year program's completion, choosing instead to practice functional medicine (a form of alternative medicine). She went on to found the app-based health-tracking biotech company, Levels,^[when?][1] to co-author Good Energy (2024, a wellness book) with her brother, Calley Means, and to participate in a further medical technology company, Truemed, founded by her brother.^[when?][2]

Although Means' medical license has been reported inactive since the end of 2023, her career has developed such that she is considered one of the leaders of the Make America Healthy Again movement. On May 7, 2025, President Donald Trump nominated Means as surgeon general, following the withdrawal of his earlier Janette Nesheiwat nomination; however, inaction on the Means nomination in 2025 and the Senate adjournment on January 3, 2025 triggered return of Means' nomination under a Senate rule, with the requirement that the President resubmit it (should he want its continued consideration).

Early life and education

Born Paula Casey Means on September 24, 1987,^{[3][better source needed]} Means shared her full birth name in a podcast interview, stating that she was named after St. Paul, but legally dropped her given name after graduating from medical school.^[4] She is the first daughter of Grady and Gayle Means^[who?]; Grady served as an assistant to U.S. Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, worked on health and human welfare issues at the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and was a managing partner at PriceWaterhouseCoopers.^{[5][verification needed]} Gayle died of pancreatic cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic, encouraging her children to resolve "broken health incentives" in the U.S.^[6][7]

After graduating from the Madeira School in 2005,^[8] Means attended Stanford University, where she graduated with honors with a bachelor's degree in human biology in 2009.^[9] She then earned her Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) from the Stanford University School of Medicine in 2014 and was inducted into the Gold Humanism Honor Society.^[9][10][11] According to a statement by the medical school: "during her time at Stanford, Means demonstrated a strong commitment to comprehensive patient care, published peer-reviewed articles and held a leadership role in the Arbor Free Clinic, which provides care to underserved populations".^[11]

After graduating from medical school, Means started a residency in the Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) with the aim of becoming an ENT surgeon.^[12] During her studies, she held various research positions (at the NIH, New York University, and OHSU).^[13] Six months before the end of the five-year program, she dropped out of her surgical residency,^[9] due to stress and having become disillusioned with healthcare in the United States.^{[9][14][15][16][17]}

Career

Medical practice

After leaving her residency, Means established a medical practice in 2019,^{[citation needed]} in Portland, Oregon, and as of 2024 was yet reported to be practicing functional medicine.^{[1][18][non-primary source needed]} The business appears to have failed to renew its registration in Oregon, in 2021.^{[18][non-primary source needed]} Per a further Wikipedia analysis, Means's state medical license changed to "inactive" status on January 1, 2024.^{[19][non-primary source needed]}

Teaching appointments

In 2022, Means served as a lecturer in courses on subjects relating to food and health at Stanford, teaching graduate and undergraduate students there.^[11]

Businesses

Eventually, after leaving her surgical residency,^[2][1] Means founded a company, Levels, and as of 2024 was reported as serving as its chief medical officer; the biotech company has been described as producing a health app that "offers exercise tracking and diet coaching",^[2] and that it "uses continuous glucose monitors to help people track their metabolic health".^[1] As of May 2025, Gregory Svirnovskiy of Politico relayed that Means' website reports that she is an investor "and/or" adviser in Truemed, a company Calley Means, her brother, founded, that "employs doctors who sign off on the medical necessity of fitness and nutrition programs and advanced health tech so customers can get a tax break".^[2]

Means also has capitalized on sponsorships from dietary supplements, creams, teas, and other products appearing on her social media accounts.^[20][21]

Writing

Means and her brother, Calley Means, co-wrote a medically related book directed at popular audiences, Good Energy: The Surprising Connection Between Metabolism and Limitless Health, which was published by Penquin-Random House in 2024.^[22][23] As described by Blinkist, the book, which is composed of five points—the leading of which is that "[p]oor metabolic health is a leading cause of chronic disease"—presents "the connection between our lifestyle choices and our energy levels" and that it "offers actionable strategies to enhance wellness, increase vitality, and achieve a balanced, energized life...".^[24] As decribed in review by physician and public health professional Joseph E. Scherger, writing for the journal of the Society of Teachers of Family Medicine:

...Means describes... all food becom[ing] energy in the body, converted by the mitochondria [of our bodies' cells] for different purposes. Good energy [comes from] food that nourishes us in positive ways. Bad energy, which occupies much of the book, [comes from] food that results in metabolic dysfunction and a variety of health problems. Good energy... from the food of the natural world... [is] unprocessed, [and] nurtures our metabolism. Bad energy comes from ultraprocessed foods, sugars, and inflammatory proteins and fats.^[22]

Scherger notes that, through the book, the Meanses are "on a mission to eliminate bad energy from [the diets of] as many people as possible."^[22] Overall, Scherger reviews the book positively, stating, "Good Energy is an excellent book for a lifestyle medicine book club and may be recommended for patients wanting good nutritional advice. It is well worth reading."^[22]

Jessica Winter, The New Yorker family, education, and reproductive rights reporter,^[25] disparaged the work, describing the Means' book as "a memoir, a quasi-anti-establishment screed, and an orthorexic diet guide" advancing core positions of the Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) movement:

The first is that Big Food and Big Pharma are incentivized to make and keep us sick. The second is that many conventional medicines and interventions do little to improve our health, and often worsen it; ... And, third, that most maladies can be prevented or treated through one's own ascetic diet and life-style choices.^{[26][verification needed]}

Surgeon General nomination

Through her social media impact and close association with Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Means is considered one of the leaders of the Make America Healthy Again movement.^[27][28][29] Means and her brother, Calley, served as close advisers for Kennedy's 2024 presidential campaign, helping to negotiate his eventual endorsement of Donald Trump.^[20] By October 2024, she had been considered as a potential appointee to lead a food and health agency in Trump's second presidency, according to The Washington Post.^[30] The Wall Street Journal wrote the following month that she had been mentioned by Kennedy, Trump's then-nominee for secretary of health and human services, for surgeon general or commissioner,^[31] as well as assistant secretary for health, according to Politico.^[32] Means and her brother, Calley, served as advisers to Kennedy by that month.^[33]

By January 2025, the Meanses appeared unlikely to join the Department of Health and Human Services, but remained connected to Kennedy.^[34] On May 7, the Trump administration began planning to withdraw Janette Nesheiwat's nomination as surgeon general after her résumé was questioned and Laura Loomer, a far-right social media political activist, stated that Nesheiwat was "not ideologically aligned" with Trump.^[35] Hours later, Trump announced that he would nominate Means as surgeon general.^[10] Trump said he did not know Means but nominated her based on Kennedy's recommendation.^[36] Her scheduled confirmation hearing before the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions, which was to be the first such hearing held virtually, was postponed on October 30, 2025, after Means went into labor.^[37]

In addition to proponents of evidence-based medicine, Means' appointment has been criticized by anti-vaccination campaigners who favored health influencer Kelly Victory, such as Americans for Health Freedom's Mary Talley Bowden, Steve Kirsch and Suzanne Humphries. Far-right activist Laura Loomer was sharply critical of Means' nomination, calling her a "total crack pot".^[38] RFK Jr's 2024 running mate Nicole Shanahan was also critical of the nomination, claiming there was an understanding that the Means would not play a role in the Trump administration.^[28] On July 31, Politico reported that Means' nomination is currently stalled in the Senate HELP committee, pending Means' submission of financial disclosure and ethics paperwork.^[39]

On January 3, 2026, the Senate adjourned, triggering return of the Means' nomination to the President under Senate Rule XXXI, as "failing of confirmation", as reported in the Congressional Record's Daily Digest.^{[40][41][non-primary source needed]} Hence, Means nomination appears in the "Legislation and Records" information of the Senate, in its list of "Nominations Failed or Returned to the President", as of January 10, 2025.^{[42][non-primary source needed]} As a consequence, as routinely happens with nominations before the Senate that stall for any reason, the return of the nomination is accompanied by the requirement that the President resubmit it, should he want its continued consideration.^[43][44]

Published works

Books

• Means, Casey; Means, Calley (2024). Good Energy: The Surprising Connection Between Metabolism and Limitless Health. London, England and New York, NY: Avery-PenguinRandomHouse. ISBN 9780593712641. Retrieved January 9, 2026.

Journal articles

Means published more than a half dozen scholarly articles in medical journals during her training years, most from Oregon Health and Science University related to her post-graduate specialisation in otorhinolaryngology, but also from Stanford Medicine and Means Health in Portland Oregon (the latter in Metabolism, see following), as well as articles in the areas of sleep studies and oncology—including in John Wiley & Sons' Head & Neck, in the journal, The Laryngoscope, and the International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, as well as in Cytometry. Part A, Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, and others.^[45]

Views

After withdrawing from her surgical residency, Means became a practitioner of functional medicine.^[46] Her efforts since have been promoted, e.g., by Stanford Medicine faculty member Andrew Huberman, who has lauded her for providing people a "sense of agency through knowlege and actionable tools".^{[47]: 06:41}

A primary focus of her efforts has been on metabolic function and dysfunction,^{[47]: 06:54} In such a discussion, in 2024, Means stated that she believes it important for people to realize that ones "metabolism is actually the foundation of all health", indeed "the core foundational pathway that drives all other aspects of health, and ... [one] that's truly getting crushed in the modern American world," going on to state her belief that such dysfunction "underl[ies] 9 of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States today", and stating her conclusion that "the spectrum of metabolic-rooted disease is vast, and ... [therefore] relevant to most Americans", noting that "research from [the] American College of Cardiology suggests that 93% of American adults have sub-optimal metabolism".^{[47]: 07:32 [independent source needed]} As to mechanism, she has argued that

When metabolism is not working properly it's essentially creating underpowered cells... [where] not having adequate power will lead to dysfunction. [With] ... over 200 cell types in the body... underpowering in different cell types ... [gives] different symptoms, because underpowering in an astrocyte is going to look different than underpowering an ovarian Theca cell or an endothelial cell".^{[47]: 08:59 [independent source needed]}

From a public policy perspective, Means notes that

the biggest blind spot in Western healthcare, and ... the reason that health outcomes are ... getting worse every year in the United States, is because fundamentally we are ignoring metabolic health... We are laser-focused on the downstream symptoms that result from metabolic dysfunction in different cell types, and... focusing on those symptoms, playing "Whac-a-Mole" with them... [we are] really ignoring [the] underlying, foundational root cause... metabolic function. ... [W]hat's so facinating to me... as an ENT surgeon—is that... the more we specialize... the more we do technological innovation in all these different specialties, the sicker we're getting. ... The real nugget... [everyone] needs to understand is that we've bought into a system where we value specialization... [b]ut, while we've done that, ...we have the worst chronic disease epidemic, and the lowest life expectancy of any high income country in the world... [I]n that specialization, we're focused on the downstream manifestation of underpowering of cells, the cell-specific symptoms, and not the metabolic function itself. So... our chronic disease epidemic in this countery is a metabolic dysfunction epidemic, and underpowering epidemic, and that is the biggest blindspot in healthcare. And I think a focus on metabolic function as the center of our healthcare system—it's a completely new paradigm for health that is urgently... needed. We know we are not in the right paradigm, right now...^{[47]: 09:44 [independent source needed]}

Likewise, in a 2024 NPR interview, Means analogised "Type 2 diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's [disease], dementia, cancer, [and] chronic kidney disease" to being akin to different "branches" of a tree, the trunk of which she argued is metabolic dysfunction.^[1] Her views have been criticized by the M.S.-level-trained science communicator Jonathan Jarry of the McGill Office for Science and Society, who wrote that "[Means] is not a metabolic health expert" and "theories claiming to have found a single cause for all diseases never pan out".^[48][49] Means has been noted to "blam[e] the ultra-processed food system for much of the chronic disease in America",^[50] and has had ascribed to her the view that the origin of most diseases lie in our exposures to ultra-processed foods and environmental factors, to a lack of sunlight, and to lack of exercise.^{[citation needed]}

Medical error, vaccination, and other issues

Means has repeated FDA Commissioner Marty Makary's claim, published in The BMJ (British Medical Journal), that the third leading cause of death in the United States is medical error (i.e., death "from medical care itself"),^[51] a claim that is controversial.^[48] In addition, Means has criticized the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act,^[52] and, per New York magazine, she has "raised long-settled questions about the safety and efficacy of vaccines despite not representing herself as an anti-vaxxer".^[46]

Means has referred to infertility as a crisis,^[53] and has been critical of hormonal contraception on both medical grounds, questioning how it affects women's health, and moral grounds, referring to it as a "disrespect of life".^[46]

Means has spoken in support of raw milk, stating, "When it comes to a question like raw milk, I want to be free to form a relationship with a local farmer, understand his integrity, look him in the eyes, pet his cow, and then decide if I feel safe to drink the milk from his farm."^[54]

References

1. Stone, Will & Means, Casey (June 14, 2024). "In 'Good Energy,' A Doctor Lays Out How to Measure and Boost Your Metabolic Health" (interview, with reporter's introduction). NPR.org. Retrieved May 7, 2025. [From the reporter's introduction:] Means, who has a medical practice in Portland, Oregon and is chief medical officer for the biotech company Levels... Ultimately she left surgery to practice functional medicine and eventually founded, Levels, which uses continuous glucose monitors to help people track their metabolic health.
2. Svirnovskiy 2025.
3. Means, Casey [@CaseyMeansMD] (September 24, 2024). "Today is My 37th birthday" (Tweet). Retrieved May 7, 2025 – via Twitter.
4. Esselstyn 2023. sfn error: no target: CITEREFEsselstyn2023 (help)
5. Trevenon 2012.
6. Tin & Walsh 2025.
7. Muller & Wingrove 2025.
8. Comiter 2025.
9. Jarvie 2025.
10. Pager 2025b.
11. Stanford Medicine Staff (May 14, 2025). "Awards & Honors: Statement from Stanford School of Medicine on Alum Casey Means". Stanford University School of Medicine (Stanford Medicine). Retrieved August 5, 2025. [Subtitle and continuing:] Casey Means, MD, has been nominated to serve as the United States surgeon general. / When Casey Means entered the Stanford School of Medicine, she rapidly established herself as an outstanding student. Attending physicians recognized her clinical performance in disciplines ranging from internal medicine to general surgery to psychiatry, citing her technical skill, clinical judgment, breadth of knowledge and critical thinking abilities...
12. Semuels 2025.
13. Egwuonwu 2025.
14. Eban 2025.
15. Stone 2025.
16. Essley Whyte 2025.
17. Collins, Owermohle & Howard 2025.
18. Oregon Secretary of State Staff (January 10, 2026). "Business Name Search / Business Entity Data / Registry Nbr 1517681-90" (business search result record). EGov.SOS.State.OR.us. Retrieved May 23, 2025.^{[non-primary source needed]}
19. "License Verification Details". Oregon Medical Board.
20. Kim & Perrone 2025.
21. AJ Staff (May 7, 2025). "Trump Taps Wellness Influencer Casey Means for Surgeon General". Al Jazeera (AJ). Retrieved May 10, 2025.
22. Scherger, Joseph E. (April 4, 2025), "Good Energy: The Surprising Connection Between Metabolism and Limitless Health" (book review), Family Medicine, 57 (6): 454–455, doi:10.22454/FamMed.2025.928584, PMC 12295604, retrieved January 9, 2026
23. Means, Casey; Means, Calley (2024). Good Energy: The Surprising Connection Between Metabolism and Limitless Health. London, England and New York, NY: Avery-PenguinRandomHouse. ISBN 9780593712641. Retrieved January 9, 2026. See also this link, for the book's entry at Google Books.
24. Blinkist staff and AI (January 9, 2026). "Good Energy summary". Blinkist.com. Retrieved January 9, 2026. Note, while the information provided here, from this source, is not within their firewall, further summary information (e.g., the remaining main four points of the book) requires a subscription for access.
25. New Yorker Staff & Winter, Jessica (January 10, 2026). "Jessica Winter" (contributor bio/autobiography). The New Yorker. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
26. Winter, Jessica (May 22, 2025). "What Casey Means and MAHA Want You to Fear". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
27. Florko 2025.
28. Butler & Merlan 2025.
29. Nirappil & Roubein 2025.
30. Diamond, Roubein & Weber 2024.
31. Peterson & Essley Whyte 2024.
32. Cancryn & Lim 2024.
33. Miranda Ollstein & Cancryn 2024.
34. Cancryn & Lim 2025.
35. Pager 2025a.
36. Samuels 2025.
37. Dunbar, Marina (October 30, 2025). "Senate Postpones Hearing for Trump's Surgeon General Pick After She Goes Into Labor". The Guardian. Retrieved October 30, 2025.
38. Stolberg 2025.
39. Friedman, Amanda (July 31, 2025). "Missing Paperwork Stalls Trump's Surgeon General Nomination". Politico Pro. Retrieved September 9, 2025.
40. Congressional Staff (January 3, 2026). "Highlights / Senate / Chamber Action / Nominations Returned to the President" (p. D2). Daily Digest (January 3, 2026). Washington, DC: U.S. Congress. Retrieved January 10, 2026 – via Congress.gov. [Quote:] The Senate ...adjourned at 12:00:27 p.m. until 3 p.m. on Monday, January 5, 2026. ... The following nominations were returned to the President failing of confirmation under Senate Rule XXXI at the time of the adjournment of the First Session of the 119th Congress... [nomination of] Casey Means, of California, to be Medical Director in the Regular Corps of the Public Health Service, subject to qualifications therefor as provided by law and regulations, and to be Surgeon General of the Public Health Service for a term of four years.
41. Congressional Staff (January 3, 2026). "Nominationns / 119th Congress / PN246-10—Casey Means—Public Health Service". Congress.gov. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress. Retrieved January 8, 2026. [Quote:] 01/03/2026—Returned [nomination] to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.^{[non-primary source needed]}
42. Senate Staff (January 10, 2026). "Nominations Failed or Returned to the President". Senate.gov. Washington, DC: U.S. Senate. Retrieved January 10, 2026. [Quote :] The following Executive Nominations were returned to the President, pursuant to Senate rules, or were disapproved by the Senate during the current Congress. ... 2026-01-03 PN246-10 Public Health Service / Casey Means, of California ... [nomination content identical to the Daily Digest, see Congressional Staff (January 3, 2026), op. cit.] Returned to the President under the provisions of Senate Rule XXXI, paragraph 6 of the Standing Rules of the Senate.^{[non-primary source needed]}
43. Greene, Michael (December 15, 2023). "Return of Nominations to the President Under Senate Rule XXXI". Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 10, 2026 – via EveryCRSReport.com. [Quote:] Nominations that have been neither confirmed nor rejected by the Senate at the time the Senate Analyst on Congress and adjourns sine die or for a period of more than 30 days are returned to the President pursuant to the Legislative Process Senate Rule XXXI... The Senate returns all nominations at the end of a Congress. If a nomination is returned to the President, it is no longer eligible for consideration by the Senate. The President may submit a new nomination, either for the previously returned nominee or for a new candidate.
44. Lesniewski, Niels (January 4, 2022). "As New Session Gets Underway, Biden Begins Sending Nominees Back to Senate". RollCall.com. Retrieved January 8, 2026. [Quote:] Under Senate rules, nominations not confirmed by the end of a legislative session must be returned to the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue and resubmitted....
45. NLM Pubmed Staff. "Casey Means [AU]—7 results". Pubmed.NCBI.NLM.NIH.gov. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
46. Dickson 2024.
47. Huberman 2024. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHuberman2024 (help)
48. Jarry 2024.
49. Jarry has referred to her book^{[clarification needed]} as an example of "scienceploitation", accusing her of using preliminary research on mitochondrial dysfunction to promote dubious products or policy. See Jarry (2024).
50. Jewett & Creswell 2024.
51. Makary, Martin A.; Daniel, Michael (May 3, 2016). "Medical Error—The Third Leading Cause of Death in the US". BMJ. 353 i2139. doi:10.1136/bmj.i2139. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 27143499.
52. Astor & Mandavilli 2024.
53. Blum 2024.
54. Gilbert 2025.

Works cited

Articles

• Astor, Maggie; Mandavilli, Apoorva (October 31, 2024). "Trump's Transition Team Head Says R.F.K. Jr. Converted Him to Vaccine Skeptic". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Blum, Dani (November 26, 2024). "Does the United States Have an Infertility Crisis?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Butler, Kiera; Merlan, Anna (May 8, 2025). "Trump's New Surgeon General Pick Wants to "Raise the Vibration of Humanity"". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on May 8, 2025. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
• Cancryn, Adam; Lim, David (November 19, 2024). "Trump transition closes in on picks for top health posts". Politico. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Cancryn, Adam; Lim, David (January 15, 2025). "Trump transition puts up guardrails around RFK Jr". Politico. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Collins, Kaitlan; Owermohle, Sarah; Howard, Jacqueline (May 7, 2025). "White House withdraws another key nomination with last-minute pivot to MAHA influencer for US surgeon general". CNN. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Comiter, Jordana (May 8, 2025). "Who Is Casey Means? What to Know About Trump's New Surgeon General Nominee — and Her Ties to Robert F. Kennedy Jr". People. Retrieved October 26, 2025.
• Cueto, Isabella (October 7, 2024). "With boost from RFK Jr. and Tucker Carlson, two chronic disease entrepreneurs vault into Trump's orbit". Stat. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Diamond, Dan; Roubein, Rachel; Weber, Lauren (October 18, 2024). "Trump, RFK Jr. vow to 'Make America Healthy Again,' raising hopes and doubts". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Dickson, E. J. (December 16, 2024). "The Siblings With RFK Jr.'s Ear". The Cut. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
• Eban, Katherine (May 9, 2025). ""She Was Tearful About It": The Nuances of Casey Means's Medical Exit and Antiestablishment Origins". Vanity Fair. Retrieved May 13, 2025.
• Egwuonwu, Nnamdi (May 7, 2025). "Trump abruptly pulls surgeon general nominee and names new pick with ties to RFK Jr". NBC News. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Essley Whyte, Liz (May 7, 2025). "Trump Picks a 'MAHA' Movement Leader for Surgeon General". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Feinberg, Andrew (May 8, 2025). "Trump picks conspiracy theorist with no medical license to be Surgeon General". The Independent. Retrieved October 22, 2025.
• Florko, Nicholas (May 8, 2025). "The MAHA Takeover Is Complete". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 9, 2025. Retrieved May 9, 2025.
• Gilbert, David (May 9, 2025). "Trump's Surgeon General Pick Is Tearing the MAHA Movement Apart". WIRED. Retrieved May 12, 2025.
• Jarry, Jonathan (February 14, 2025). "Kennedy's Coalition of Quacks Wants to Feed America a Diet of Lies". Office for Science and Society. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
• Jarry, Jonathan (November 15, 2024). "Mitochondrial Dysfunction Is a Bit of a Fad". Office for Science and Society. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Jarvie, Jenny (May 8, 2025). "Trump's pick for surgeon general quit medical residency due to stress, former department chair says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
• Jewett, Christina; Creswell, Julie (November 15, 2024). "Kennedy's Vow to Take On Big Food Could Alienate His New G.O.P. Allies". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Kim, Seung Min; Perrone, Matthew (May 7, 2025). "Donald Trump taps wellness influencer close to Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for surgeon general". Associated Press. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Miranda Ollstein, Alice; Cancryn, Adam (November 22, 2024). "Kennedy's 'MAHA transition team' includes anti-vax activists". Politico. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Muller, Madison; Wingrove, Josh (May 7, 2025). "Trump Taps Means as Surgeon General After Pulling First Pick". Bloomberg News. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Nirappil, Fenit; Roubein, Rachel (May 7, 2025). "Trump taps MAHA influencer for surgeon general, replacing first pick". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Pager, Tyler (May 7, 2025). "The White House is planning to withdraw the nomination of Dr. Janette Nesheiwat to be surgeon general, according to a person familiar with the decision". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Pager, Tyler (May 7, 2025). "Trump Withdraws Surgeon General Nomination and Announces New Choice". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Peterson, Kristina; Essley Whyte, Liz (November 13, 2024). "The Siblings Behind RFK Jr.'s 'Make America Healthy Again' Campaign". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Samuels, Brett (May 8, 2025). "Trump chose new surgeon general pick on RFK Jr.'s recommendation". The Hill. Retrieved May 10, 2025.
• Semuels, Alana (May 10, 2025). "Inside the Health Views of Casey Means, Trump's Surgeon General Nominee". Time. Retrieved May 8, 2025.
• Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 8, 2025). "Far-Right Activist Targets Trump's Surgeon General Pick". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2025.
• Stone, Will (May 7, 2025). "Trump picks Casey Means for surgeon general, after first nominee withdraws". NPR. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Svirnovskiy, Gregory (May 7, 2025). "Trump Picks Casey Means for Surgeon General". Politico. Retrieved May 7, 2025. [Means] started health app Levels, which offers exercise tracking and diet coaching, after dropping out of her surgical residency. ... Means' website says she's an investor and/or adviser in the company her brother founded, Truemed, which employs doctors who sign off on the medical necessity of fitness and nutrition programs and advanced health tech so customers can get a tax break.
• Tin, Alexander; Walsh, Joe (May 7, 2025). "Dr. Casey Means, Trump's new surgeon general nominee, is RFK Jr. ally and MAHA advocate". CBS News. Retrieved May 7, 2025.
• Trevenon, Stacy (November 19, 2012). "Book Presents the 'Endgame' as a Winner". Coastside News. Retrieved May 7, 2025.

Documents

• "License Verification Details". Oregon Medical Board. Retrieved May 7, 2025.^{[non-primary source needed]}

Podcasts

• Esselstyn, Rip (host) & Means, Casey (guest) (November 30, 2023). #225: Casey Means, MD—Improve Your Metabolic Health with a "Food as Medicine" Prescription (podcast). PlantStrong. Event occurs at 00:04:59-00:06:02. Retrieved January 9, 2026. [Duration:] 01:38:27.
• Huberman, Andrew (host) & Means, Casey (guest) (May 6, 2024). Dr. Casey Means: Transform Your Health by Improving Metabolism, Hormone & Blood Sugar Regulation (podcast). HubermanLab.com. Event occurs at 00:06:41-00:12:39. Retrieved January 9, 2026. [Duration:] 02:56:27.

Further reading

• Tom, Kip (May 29, 2025). "The Misguided Anti-Pesticide Crusade of Casey and Calley Means". Real Clear Science. Retrieved October 22, 2025.
• Ramaswamy, Swapna Venugopal (May 7, 2025). "Trump Changes Mind on Surgeon General Pick [Janette Nesheiwat], Tapping Wellness Influencer Close to RFK Jr. [Means]". USAToday.com. Retrieved January 10, 2026.
• Murdock Jeff (August 30, 2024). "Good Energy: The Surprising Connection Between Metabolism and Limitless Health by Casey Means, MD" (book review). Medium.com. Retrieved January 10, 2026.

External links

• Official website