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Double tap strike

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For other uses, see Double tap (disambiguation).

A double tap, or double-tap, is the practice of following a strike (be it bombardment such as missile strike, air strike, artillery shelling, or detonation of explosive weapon or improvised explosive device) with a deliberately timed second strike several minutes later, usually in an attempt to maximize the casualties of an attack. A triple tap refers to an additional third strike which follows the second strike. The term is usually associated with instances where emergency responders and medical personnel rushing to the site hit by the first strike are hit by the second strike.[1][2][3][4] A Florida Law Review article defines the practice as strikes separated by five to twenty minutes, stating that the practice likely is a war crime arguing that it violates the Geneva Conventions of 1949, which prohibit targeting civilians, the wounded, and those no longer able to continue fighting.[5]

Historical examples

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The use of double-tap strikes by coalition forces during the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) sparked debate due to the possibility of non-combatants, including medical personnel, being among those responding to the first strike and therefore being hit by the second strike.[6] Double-tap strikes have been used by Saudi Arabia during its military intervention in Yemen,[7][8] by the United States in Pakistan, Yemen, and the Gulf of Mexico,[9][10][11][12] by Israel in Gaza in 2014, 2024 and 2025,[13][14][15] by Russia and the Syrian government in the Syrian civil war,[16][17] and by Russia in the Russo-Ukrainian War, especially since the full-scale invasion in 2022.[18]

Alleged double- or triple-tap of Minab School, Iran 2026

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Main article: 2026 Minab school airstrike

On 28 February 2026, the first day of the US–Israeli attacks on Iran that escalated into a war, the Shajareh Tayyebeh[a] girls' elementary school in Minab, Hormozgan province in southern Iran, was destroyed during the school day.[20] The attack killed 168–180 people—of whom most were schoolchildren—according to Iranian media,[21][22][23][24] making it the deadliest airstrike in the ongoing war.[25][26][27]

Subsequent investigations by The New York Times, CBC and NPR among others concluded that the United States was likely responsible for the strike. The attack was condemned by the Iranian government, UNESCO,[28][29] and other international human rights organizations and activists as a violation of international humanitarian law.

Investigations by Bellingcat and BBC Verify geolocated footage released by Mehr News, showing a single cruise missile identified by both as an American Tomahawk missile striking the area near Minab school shortly after the school was hit. The United States is the only participant in the conflict to use that missile, with professor of global security Jeffrey Lewis saying the missile in the footage did not match any known weapons possessed by Iran. The footage confirmed that the United States had struck targets in the vicinity of the school, with Bellingcat adding that the footage directly contradicted Trump's claim that an Iranian missile hit the school.[30][31][32]

According to testimony given to the Middle East Eye by two Red Crescent medics and a victim's parent, the initial strike to the school was followed by a second strike an unspecified time later[33]. Iranian officials later claimed there were three separate strikes on the school, without specifying the time between the strikes[20]. Independent analysis concluded the school and adjacent military compound were struck by multiple simultaneous or near-simultaneous strikes[34], which does not satisfy the Florida Law Review's definition of strikes separated by five to twenty minutes[5].

References

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  1. ^ "Double Tap Strikes: Deliberate Attacks on First Responders in Syria and Yemen – Defenders for Medical Impartiality". defendmedicalimpartiality.org. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  2. ^ Woods, Chris; Yusufzai, Mushtaq (1 August 2013). "Drone strikes in Pakistan -- Get the Data: The return of double-tap drone strikes". The Bureau of Investigative Journalism. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  3. ^ Thompson, Julian; Rehn, Marius; Lossius, Hans Morten; Lockey, David (24 September 2014). "Risks to emergency medical responders at terrorist incidents: a narrative review of the medical literature". Critical Care. 18 (5): 521. doi:10.1186/s13054-014-0521-1. PMC 4422304. PMID 25323086.
  4. ^ Gips, Michael A. (July 2003). "Secondary Devices a Primary Concern". Security Management. 47 (7): 16, 18, 20. OCLC 4769515160. Retrieved 9 August 2023 – via Office of Justice Programs.
  5. ^ a b Alexander, Samuel (21 February 2018). "Double-Tap Warfare: Should President Obama Be Investigated for War Crimes?". Florida Law Review. 69 (1): 261. ISSN 1045-4241.
  6. ^ Grieco, Ikenberry & Mastanduno 2022, pp. 303−304.
  7. ^ Dehghan, Saeed (16 September 2016). "'After an hour the plane came back': repeated airstrikes take toll on Yemeni civilians". theguardian.com.
  8. ^ "The Human Rights Abuses in Yemen's 'Forgotten War'". Time. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  9. ^ Norton, Alex; Nakashima, Ellen (28 November 2025). "Hegseth order on first Caribbean boat strike, officials say: Kill them all". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 November 2025.
  10. ^ Taylor, Jerome (25 September 2012). "Outrage at CIA's deadly 'double tap' drone". London: Independent. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  11. ^ Friedersdorf, Conor (24 October 2013). "Drone Attacks at Funerals of People Killed in Drone Strikes". The Atlantic. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  12. ^ "Drones kill rescuers in 'double tap', say activists". BBC News. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  13. ^ Bachmann, Jutta; Baldwin-Ragaven, Laurel; Hougen, Hans-Petter; Leaning, Jennifer; Kelly, Karen; Özkalipci, Önder; Reynolds, Louis; Vacas, Alicia (20 January 2015). Gaza 2014 - Findings of an Independent Medical Fact-Finding Mission (PDF) (Report). Physicians for Human Rights Israel. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  14. ^ Mellen, Riley (14 July 2024). "Israel Struck Twice in Its Attack on Al-Mawasi, Videos and Photos Show". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  15. ^ "Israel bombed Gaza hospital a second time, killing rescuers, say health officials". The Guardian. 25 August 2025. Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  16. ^ "Idlib 'double tap' air strikes: Who's to blame?". BBC News. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  17. ^ Parker, Claire (22 July 2022). "Russia and Syria conducted dozens of illegal 'double tap' strikes, report says". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  18. ^ Epstein, Jake. "Russia is bombing the same targets moments apart to kill Ukrainian rescue crews that arrive to save survivors". Business Insider. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  19. ^ Rome, Feliz Solomon in Jerusalem, Lara Seligman in Washington, and Henna Moussavi in (6 March 2026). "U.S. Likely Hit Girls' School Attached to Iranian Military Compound". The Wall Street Journal.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ^ a b Da Silva, Chantal; Hunter, Molly; Gao, Larissa; Khodadadi, Amin; Pinson, Shira; Mulligan, Matthew; Tarrant, Tavleen (4 March 2026). "What we know about the strike on a school in Iran as the death toll rises". NBC News. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  21. ^ Kekatos, Mary (5 March 2026). "At least 186 students, teachers allegedly killed in Iran as organizations call for investigation". ABC News. A total of 186 students and teachers have been killed in Iran and 114 have been injured since U.S.-Israeli attacks began over the weekend, the Iranian education ministry said in a statement. About 20 education centers have been either damaged or fully destroyed, according to the ministry. Of those killed, 168 were from the Shajare Tayyiba Elementary School, an all-girls elementary school in Minab -- located in southern Iran -- which was hit by airstrikes, according to Iranian officials.
  22. ^ "Death toll from Israeli strike on Iran girls school rises to 180". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 2 March 2026. Retrieved 2 March 2026.
  23. ^ McClure, Tess (1 March 2026). "Death toll from school bombing in southern Iran reportedly rises to 165". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 March 2026.
  24. ^ "Death toll in Israeli strike on southern Iran school rises to 165". Al Jazeera. 28 February 2026. Archived from the original on 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
  25. ^ Browne, Malachy; Livni, Ephrat; Mahoozi, Sanam (1 March 2026). "Strike on Girls' School Kills at Least 175, Iranian State Media Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  26. ^ McClure, Tess; Parent, Deepa (3 March 2026). "Minab school bombing: how the worst mass casualty event of the Iran war unfolded – a visual guide". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  27. ^ Browne, Malachy; Boxerman, Aaron (5 March 2026). "Analysis Suggests School Was Hit Amid U.S. Strikes on Iranian Naval Base". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 March 2026.
  28. ^ "پزشکیان: تجاوز آمریکایی و صهیونیستی به دبستان میناب هرگز از حافظه تاریخی ملت ما زدوده نخواهد شد" [Pezizkian: The American and Zionist aggression against Minab Elementary School will never be erased from the historical memory of our nation]. SNN (in Persian). 28 February 2026. Retrieved 28 February 2026.
  29. ^ "Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 'a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO". United Nations. 1 March 2026. Archived from the original on 3 March 2026. Retrieved 3 March 2026.
  30. ^ Gonzales, Carlos; Ball, Trevor (8 March 2026). "Video Shows US Tomahawk Missile Strike Next to Girls' School in Iran". bellingcat.
  31. ^ Thomas, Merlyn; Sardarizadeh, Shayan (9 March 2026). "US missile hit military base near Iran school, video analysis shows". BBC News. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
  32. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (8 March 2026). "Video appears to show U.S. cruise missile striking Iranian school compound". NPR. Retrieved 9 March 2026.
  33. ^ "Exclusive: Iranian girls killed by 'double-tap' strikes on Minab school". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 12 March 2026.
  34. ^ Angelovski, Ivan (4 March 2026). "Who bombed a girls' school in Iran? A visual investigation". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 March 2026. Retrieved 12 March 2026.

Notes

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  1. ^ Persian: شجرهٔ طیبه, lit. 'Sacred Tree'.[19]

Sources

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